NASA-UAP-D018, Gemini 4 Experiment Debriefing, 1967 

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MAIL CODE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION ROUTING SLIP NAME Recordo Action Approval Call Me Concurrence File Information Investigate and Advise Note and Forward Note and Rahun Per Request Per Telephone Conversation Recommendation See- Me Signature Circulate and Destroy (Silno) Memos for photograplic rebase from Gemini 7. Hq to MSC + vice hersa NAME 9. gill CODE (or other designation) TEL. NO. (or code) & EXT. NASA FORM 26 APR 69 PREVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED 4/18/1) GPO : 1969 OF—348-365

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Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 June 1, 1965 MEMORANDUM To : A/Administrator From : M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT -4) Additional Flight Activities Subsequent to the preparation of the GT -4 Mission Operation Report several new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are: extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic report. Enclosure: MOR No. 913-65-04 Change 1 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

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M-913-65-04 ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now planned for the first four orbits of the GT -4 Mission: 1. Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in- flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects. 2. Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one- man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without a spacecraft tether on future missions. 3. Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This activity will provide valuable early information and maneuvering procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle have been installed on the booster second stage for this test. The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The first two orbits will be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle. Nighttime separation will be sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity. This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii, at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft until McDivitt gives him a release command. Upon command, White will push off slowly and reorient himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo- graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft passes over Ascension Island on the start of the third orbit. Shortly after passing Ascension, McDivitt will maneuver ahead of the booster with 5 feet per second separation velocity. Because this maneuver places the spacecraft in a higher altitude and longer period orbit than the booster, it will rise above and fall behind the booster. One orbit later, the spacecraft 6/1/65 Page 1

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M-913-65-04 will trail 16 miles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation maneuver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visual rendezvous sequence. The spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Because of unknown variation in the atmospheric density and drag of the slowly tumbling booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. The flight crew will measure elevation angles of the booster and will initiate rendezvous maneuvers when the booster is approximately 45 degrees elevation angle above the spacecraft. By observing the movement of the booster with respect to the star background and with respect to the spacecraft inertial platform display, the crew can determine the proper lateral maneuver to null the lateral component of velocity thereby resulting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly toward the booster. After removing the lateral velocity difference, the pilot will apply a series of breaking maneuvers with the forward firing thrusters to reduce the closing velocity. The flight crew will measure with onboard instruments the total maneuvering velocity required for the rendezvous procedure. The spacecraft should be back in close proximity of the launch vehicle over the Northeast coast of South America at the beginning of the fifth orbit. After the rendezvous operation is complete, the spacecraft will again separate from the booster - this time using a maneuver which will place the Gemini spacecraft on an orbit with a predicted lifetime of four days. The EVA suit is the new G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used so successfully by the GT-3 flight crew. The G4C suit has the following new features: a. Helmet - incorporation of triple lens shield (visors) for visual, thermal, impact, and micrometeorite protection. b. Torso - 1. Change to Nomex (HT-1) "Linknet" in restraint layer for increased 2. structural strength. 3. Incorporation of strain relief zipper in sealing closure. Incorporation of redesigned ventilation inlet and outlet fittings with automatic locking and redundant sealing features. 4. Replace Nomex (HT-1) coverlayer with integrated thermal and micrometeority cover layer. c. Gloves - Incorporate new design with increased mobility, abrasion resistance and thermal protection. d. Bio-connector - Self-alighment, pin protective design. 6/1/65 Page 2

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M-913-65-04 Figure 1 depicts the principal physical differences between the old G3C suit and the new EVA G4C suit. Figure 2 shows that with one visor down on the new G4C helmet, there is practically no attenutation of light entering, whereas Figure 3 shows that with two of the visors down there is a noticeable difference in the amount of light that enters the astronaut's eyes. With the third visor down, there would be a similar decrease in the amount of light allowed to enter the helmet. The multivarious layers of materials used in the EVA G4C suits are delineated in Figure 4. It should be noted that the old G3C suit consisted only of the pressure and restraint layers of Figure 4 with the HT -1 nylon outer protective layer. The EVA spacesuit has received the following qualifi- cation tests: SPACE SUITS G-3C G-4C MGS-8118 FIG. 1 G-4C OVERVISOR SPACE HELMET WG5-8119 6/1/65 Page 3

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M-913-65-04 G-4C OVERVISOR SPACE HELMET MG5-8120 FIG. 3 G-4C EXTRAVEHICULAR SUIT THERMAL AND MICROMETEOROID LAYERS PRESSURE AND RESTRAINT LAYERS HT-I NYLON OUTER PROIECTIVE LATEK (6.8 OZ/YD& WHITE) USE: WEAR AND SOLAR REFLECTANCE HT-I NYLON MICRONETEOROID ABSORBER AND THERMAL PROTECTION MULTI LAYER INSULATION 15.5 0Z/YD- TOTAL) USE PLAYERS ALUMINILED MYLAR SEPARATED BY 1 LAYERS UNWOVEN DACRON SPACERS HT-I NYLON INNER MICRONETEOROID STOPPER LAYERS EACH 68 OZ/YD2 WHITE) USE: WEAR AND MICRONETEOROID PROTECTION COTTON CONSTANT WEAR UNDERGARNENT 13 OZ/YD- WHITE OXFORD NYLON CONFORT LAY.R 1 ULITU" DLULI PRESSURE LAYER NEOPRENE COATED NYLON 17-1/2 OZ/YD4 RESTRAINT LAYER LINK NET DACRON AND TEFLON (1-1/4 OZ/YD2) WEIGHT COVERLANTRICKNESS -3C 6.8 OZ/YD 13 INCHE -4C 39.9 OZ/YD 12 INCHE FIG. 4 6/1/65 Page 4

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M-913-65-04 a. Leakage b. Proof pressure c. 02 compatibility d. Ejection envelope e. Cold temperature f. Rapid decompression g. Life cycling h. Visor testing Should the 25-foot long tether fail in some manner, the pilot will be carrying a chestpack that has been compatibility qualified with the G4C suit and con- sists principally of an emergency oxygen bottle with automatic valving. It should be emphasized that both the primary and backup flight crews have undergone 40 minutes cabin depressurization with the hatches open at a merged at ude simulated altitude of 150,000 feet in the chambers at McDonnell, St. Louis during which time they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking pictures, and other actions that will take place during EVA. The extravehicular maneuvering will be accomplished using a zero g Integral Propulsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Figure 5. This device is handheld and accomplishes propulsion by jetting oxygen out through a single forward firing nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aimed by the operator. It includes a camera mounted for convenient extravehicular photography. FIG. 5 6/1/65 Page 5

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Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 May 24, 1965 MEMORANDUM To : A/Administrator From : M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after 3 June 1965. This will be the second manned Gemini mission and the longest ever attempted by a two-man crew. The purpose of the mission is to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days. The nominal launch time is 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT). The space vehicle is to be launched on an azimuth of 72 degrees and the spacecraft will be inserted into an initial orbit of 87-161 N.M. at an orbital inclination of 32.5 degrees. The 62 revolution mission will have a duration of approximately 97 hours and 50 minutes. The primary and backup flight crews are of the "new generation," being members of the second group of astronauts. James A. McDivitt will be the command pilot and Edward H. White, Il will be the pilot. Because the duration of the flight is one of the most significant aspects of their mission, the post- flight activities will involve expanded medical evaluation as compared with previous missions, including at least 24 hours aboard the recovery aircraft carrier, the USS WASP. After conducting various orbital maneuvers and the thirteen experiments during the four-day mission, the spacecraft will reenter and touchdown approximately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda for a water landing and carrier retrieval. for George Enclosure MOR No. M-913-65-04 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

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Report No. M-913-65-04 MISSION OPERATION REPORT GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR (GT-4) NASA OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

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FOREWORD MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly for the use of NASA General Management as required by the Administra- tor in NASA Instruction 6-2-10 dated August 15, 1963. The pur- pose of these reports is to provide NASA General Management with timely, complete and definitive information on flight mission plans and results from launchings with Scout class or larger vehicles. Initial reports are to be prepared and issued for each flight project just prior to launch. Following launch, updating reports for each mission will be issued to keep General Management currently in- formed as provided in NASA Instruction 6-2-10. Distribution of these reports has been specifically directed by Gen- eral Management and they are not available for additional or general distribution. The Office of Public Affairs publishes a comprehensive series of pre-launch and post-launch reports on NASA flight missions which are available for general distribution. Published and Distributed by OFFICE OF PROGRAM REPORTS OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546

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Rendezvous guidance & recovery system Re-entry capsule Adapter section Separation point Oxidizer tank *Equipment bay Fuel tank Stage Il engine thrust chamber 10 Ft 11 Ft 8 Ft 18.6 Ft 27 Ft 108 Ft 70.65 Ft Oxidizer tank Fuel tank Stage I engine gimbal point Stage | engine thrust chambers *Equipment bay contains: • Batteries* • Malfunction detection system (MDS) units • Range safety command control system • Programmer • Three-axis reference system (TARS) • Radio guidance system (RGS) • Autopilot • Instrumentation and telemetry system FIG. 1 5/24/65 M-913-65-04 GENERAL Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) is the second manned orbital flight in the Gemini Program and the fourth flight in a series of twelve planned to develop long-duration and rendezvous capability, docking techniques, extra-vehicular activities, and controlled reentry. The first three Gemini flights demonstrated: orbital insertion capability; spacecraft structural integrity; and spacecraft systems performance and crew accommodation qualities, respectively. This GT -4 mission is intended to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days, the longest ever flown by two astronauts. The space vehicle is depicted in Figure 1. MISSION OBJECTIVES PRIMARY • Demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the Gemini spacecraft systems for a period exceeding four days. • Evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure to the space environment on the two-man flight crew in preparation for missions of longer duration. SECONDARY Demonstrate OAMS capability to perform retro fire backup. Demonstrate the capability of the spacecraft and flight crew to make significant in-plane and out-of-plane maneuvers. • Conduct further evaluation of spacecraft systems as outlined below: 1. Structure and thermal protection 2. Environmental Control Systems (ECS) 3. Crew stations 4. Guidance and Control System 5. Orbital Attitude and Maneuver System (OAMS) • Execute the following experiments: • D-1, Basic Object Photography • D-6, Surface Photography • D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft • D-9, Simple Navigation • M-3, In-Flight Exercises • M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram • M-6, Bone Demineralization • MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge Page 1

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M-913-65-04 • • • MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography UNUSUAL TASKS OF THIS MISSION One of the interesting tasks of this mission is the duration of the flight. It Mission Control Center (MCC) Houston. Some elements of the Mission Control Center at Cape Kennedy and the GSFC computing facility will be standing by as a backup during the launch phase. The computing facilities at GSFC will also be used as a backup to MCC-Houston during the orbital phase. Flight controllers will man the MCC in three shifts to give complete round-the-clock coverage of the four- day mission. Crew control of reentry will be accomplished by tracking the roll needle rather than nulling the down-range and cross-range needles as on GT-3. The experiments will, of course, contribute much information for the scientific and medical communities. The G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used on GT-3 has the following new features: a triple overvisor, a redundant pressure closure seal (zipper), and thermal and meteoroid protection integrated in the outer cover layer. Abort procedures to be utilized by the astronauts in the unlikely event it becomes necessary for them to terminate a mission before orbital insertion are different from those used in the Mercury program. In that program, the fireball that would have been created had a conflagration occurred on the pad, would have been large enough to ABORT PROCEDURES engulf an ejecting astronaut, so it was necessary to add an escape rocket to lift the entire spacecraft free of the area. The GLV, on MODE II - SALVO RETROS AFTER SHUTDOWN MODE III - SHUTDOWN, SEPARATE, TURN AROUND, RETROFIRE the other hand, uses self-igniting fuels which, upon mixing, create a MODE IIII fireball small enough so that the 20,700 FPS VELOCITY astronauts can eject from the spacecraft in much the same man- мор 5 MIN. 10 SEC. ner as is done in today's high 78,000 FT. performance jet aircraft. This is called the Mode I abort pro- cedure. The three abort modes are more fully defined by the DELAYED MODE (WAIT 5 SECS) SECONDS altitude and elapsed time-after- launch parameters depicted on 15.000 FIR Figure 2. MODE 50 SECONDS 5/24/65 FIG. 2 Page 2 SEA LEVEL

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M-931-65-04 LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) has been modified by man-rating an Air Force Titan Il missile. The GLV has two stages, the first 71 feet long and the second 18 feet long; both stages have a diameter of 10 feet. The gross loaded weight of the two stages is 337,521 pounds and they both burn storable hypergolic (self-igniting upon mixture propellants. First stage thrust is approximately 430, 000 pounds at sea level. Second stage thrust is approximately 100,000 pounds. The various systems of the GLV have been detailed in previous Gemini MOR's and what follows is additional information concerning modifications made to GLV-4. The fuel dampener and oxidizer standpipe used to suppress longitudinal oscillations have been redesigned. Butt welding vice lapped joints have been utilized on the fuel tank conduits to eliminate minute cracks. Malfunction Detection System circuitry has been redesigned to provide separate indications of the subassembly thrust level and additional insulation has been applied to provide increased fire protection. Sixteen T/M readout points have been removed from the GLV because they are no longer required and one range safety circuit has been added to the destruct system interlocking AGE and the GLV motor driven switch control. This circuit will prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset signals are inadvertently applied during checkout. TABLE I PROJECT COST (In Millions) FY 62 FY 63 FY 64 FY 65 FY 66 FY 67 Total Spacecraft 30.3 Launch Vehicle 24.4 205.1 79.1 280.5 165.3 122.7 19.1 823.0 122.7 115.4 88.6 8.5 438.7 Operational Support Total RD & O 54.8 4.9 289.1 15.7 418.9 27.7 30.8 13.0 92.2 308.4 242.1 40.6 1353.9 This level of funding will provide for twelve Gemini Launch Vehicles, twelve space- craft, seven Agena Target Vehicles, six Atlas booster missiles and the operational costs of flight testing and the associated Ground Support Equipment. SPACECRAFT The spacecraft is 18.75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry module and an adapter section will weigh 7799 Ibs. fully loaded with the astronauts onboard. The configuration will be the same as was flown on GT-3 except for the following: minor changes have been made to switch positions and nomenclature, three additional (total of six) adapter 5/24/65 Page 3

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M-913-65-04 batteries will be required, radial thrusting TCA's and burst diaphragms in the "B" package that were removed for GT-3 are both installed on GT-4, and will act through the Spacecraft Centers of Gravity. An HF antenna has been added to the adapter section for orbital use and the HF transciever there has been removed. The C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing light can now be turned off during daylight hours, the HF antenna on the cabin section has been redesigned, and the adapter S-band transponder in the adapter section has been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pulse spacing from the one in the spacecraft. In the GT-4 mission S/C, urine will be dumped directly overboard from the urine bellows through a shut-off and selector valve, a solenoid valve and a heated line. Redundancy is provided by the capability to dump urine through the launch cooling heat exchanger (water boiler). The main chute disconnect cartridge has been changed from a 22-second time delay to a zero second delay and new long-life attitude thrusters have been installed. EXPERIMENTS The 13 experiments are depicted and described on the following pages: 1. D-1, Basic Object Photography In conducting this experiment, the as- tronauts will employ elaborate photo- optical equipment to investigate the technical problems associated with observing, evaluating, and photo- graphing objects in space. These objects include the 2nd stage of the launch vehicle and natural celestial bodies such as the moon. Data from this experiment will be used to evaluate the astronauts' ability to view and track objects, and to maintain object-camera orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Equipment which will be used is illustrated in Figure 3. D-1 BASIC OBJECT PHOTOGRAPHY FIG. 3 5/24/65 Page 4

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M-913-65-04 2. D-6, Surface Photography This experiment will investigate the technical problems associated with an astronaut's ability to acquire, track, and photograph terrestrial objects from a space- craft with more elaborate photo- optical equipment than that used previously. The astronaut will photograph selected series of objects during day-side and night-side intervals of the flight using specified lens-film combi- nations. The resulting data will be used to evaluate the astronaut's ability to maintain object-camera orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Figure 4 shows the camera mount installed on the spacecraft window. D-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY MG5-8125 FIG. 4 3. D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft Data from this experiment will be used to supplement external radi- ation measurements in studying the dose levels within the space- craft resulting from passes through regions of varying radiation intensity. Two tissue-equivalent, current-mode ionization chambers will be used to measure the variation of absorbed dose-rate inside the spacecraft. Five small packets containing radia- tion detection and measurement devices will be placed at various locations in the cabin to ascertain their suitability as convenient dosimeters of space radiation and measure total accumulated dose. Figure 5 shows some of the equipment to be used for this experiment. D-8 RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT (PORTABLE UNIT) MG5-8095 FIG. 5 5/24/65 Page 5

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M-913-65-04 4. D-9, Simple Navigation This experiment is designed to develop and test navigation pro- cedures which employ a simple stadimetric device and a sextant to make sightings and measurements in space using the horizon and stars as references. Data from sightings will be used in compu- tations to determine orbital parameters. These results will be compared with actual parameters to determine the accuracy of the procedures. The hand held sextant to be used is shown in Figure 6. D-9 SIMPLE NAVIGATION HAND HELD SPACE SEXTANT MG5-8097 FIG. 6 5. M-3, In-Flight Exerciser The purpose of this experiment is to assess the astronauts' capacity to perform physical work under spacecraft conditions. Monitored exercise will be performed by the astronauts prior to the flight to establish control data. Isotonic exercises employing a bungee cord and involving the arms and legs will be taken prior to and after exercising. Pulse rate will be monitored continuously. The inflight data obtained will be compared with the control data to determine the capacity for work in space. Figure 7 shows the manner in which this exercise will be performed. M-3 IN-FLIGHT EXERCISER MG5-8099 FIG. 7 5/24/65 Page 6

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M-913-65-04 6. M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram The purpose of this experiment is to measure the fatigue-stage of an astronaut's heart muscle during a long-duration flight. A microphone will be applied to an astronaut's chest wall at the cardiac apex. Heart sounds detected during the flight will be recorded on an on- board biomedical recorder. The sound trace will be compared to the waveform obtained from a simultaneous inflight electro- cardiogram to determine the time interval between electrical activation of the heart muscle and the onset of ventricular systrole. Figure 8 illustrates the method of installation of the phono- cardiogram transducer. M-4 IN -FLIGHT PHONOCARDIOGRAM PROTOTYPE PHONOCARDIOGRAM TRANSDUCER AND SIGNAL CONDITIONER FIG. 8 7. M-6, Bone Demineralization The purpose of this experiment is to establish the occurrence and degree of bone deminerali- zation resulting from prolonged weightlessness during spaceflight. Special X-rays will be taken of an astronaut's heel bone and the terminal bone of the fifth digit of the right hand. Three pre- flight and three postflight exposures will be taken of these two bones and compared to determine if any bone deminerali- zation has occurred due to the space flight. Figure 9 illustrates the laboratory procedure which will be used for this experiment. GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. M-6 BONE DEMINERALIZATION PURPOSE ESTABLISH DEGREE OF BONE DETERIORATION EQUIPMENT STANDARD X-RAY WEIGHT N/A VOLUME N/A PROCEDURE PRE AND POST FLIGHT X-RAY LOCATION N/A MG4-1886 FIG. 9 5/24/65 Page 7

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M-913-65-04 8. MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge Before rendezvous missions are attempted, an investigation must be made of the possibility of inadvertent ignition of pyrotechnics and other detri- mental effects due to discharge of electrostatic charge potentials during rendezvous. In this experiment, an electrostatic- potential meter, which protrudes through the wall of the space- craft adapter assembly, will be used to detect and measure any accumulated electrostatic charge that may be created on the surface of the spacecraft by ionization from engine exhaust. This data will be analyzed to determine if the charge is adequate to create a rendezvous hazard. Fig- ure 10 shows the detector installation. MSC-1 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE MG5-8102 FIG. 10 9. MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer This experiment is designed to measure the quantity and energy of protons and electrons present immediately exterior to the orbiting spacecraft. This will be accomplished by means of a scintillating-crystal, charged- particle analyzer mounted on the adapter assembly of the spacecraft. Data from this experiment will be used to correlate radiation measure- ments made inside the space- craft and to predict radiation levels on future space missions. The proton electron spectrometer installation is shown in Figure 11. MSC-2 PROTON ELECTRON SPECTROMETER MG5-8103 FIG. 11 5/24/65 Page 8

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M-913-65-04 10. MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer In this experiment, the direction and magnitude of the earth's magnetic field with respect to the spacecraft will be measured. A tri-axis fluxgate magneto- meter, mounted in the adapter assembly of the spacecraft will be used. The equipment installa- tion is shown in Figure 12. MSC-3 TRI-AXIS MAGNETOMETER 11. MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos The astronaut will obtain photo- graphs of the earth's limb using a hand-held camera, black and white film, and a special filter mosaic which will allow each picture to be taken partly through a red filter and partly through a blue filter. After the flight, the negative will be subjected to careful measure- ments, and the resulting data will be used in statistical analyses to evaluate the limb radiance. These studies will be used to determine if the sun-lit earth's limit can be reliably observed in the short- visible or near-ultraviolet spectral region. The camera to be used for this experiment is shown in Figure 13. MSC-10 TWO-COLOR EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS 5/24/65 Page 9 M65-8104 FIG. 12 MG5-8105 FIG. 13

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12. S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography The objective of this experi- ment is to obtain high quality photographs of selected parts of the earth's surface. The spacecraft will be manually oriented from an orbit mode attitude to a moderately high camera depression angle attitude. After a series of photographs has been taken, the spacecraft will be reoriented to the orbit mode attitude. Four spacecraft orientation maneuvers will be required during which approxi- mately 40 pictures will be taken over areas of the United States. Figure 14 shows one of the photos taken by Gordon Cooper which is similar to the terrain photographs planned. 13. S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography The objective of this experi- ment is to learn more about the earth's weather systems by obtaining high quality photo- graphs of selected cloud for- mations. As in experiment S-5, the spacecraft will be oriented from an orbit mode attitude to a moderately high camera depression angle attitude. After a series of photographs has been taken, the spacecraft will be reoriented to the orbit mode attitude. Approximately 10 orientation maneuvers will be required during which approximately 40 pictures will be taken. The photograph shown in Figure 15 taken by Gordon Cooper is similar to those planned on this flight. 5/24/65 M-913-65-04 GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. S-5 SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY PURPOSE OBTAIN HIGH QUALITY PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE EQUIPMENT 70MM CAMERA AND FILM WEIGHT 1 LB. VOLUME 0.036 CU. FT. PROCEDURE POSITION SPACECRAFT, TAKE PICTURES LOCATION PRESSURIZED CABIN PHOTOGRAPH OF THE HIMALAYAS IN THE INDIA, NEPAL, TIBET BORDER AREA, TAKEN BY ASTRONAUT L. GORDON COOPER, JR., DURING HIS 22-ORBIT MA-9 MISSION. MG4-1768 FIG. 14 GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. S-6 SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY PURPOSE OBTAIN HIGH QUALITY CLOUD PHOTOGRAPHS EQUIPMENT 70 MM CAMERA AND FILM WEIGHT 1LB. VOLUME 0.036 CU. FT. PROCEDURE POSITION SPACECRAFT AND TAKE PHOTOGRAPHS LOCATION PRESSURIZED CABIN PHOTOGRAPH OF CLOUDS AND THE BURMA WEST COAST, WEST OF RANGOON, TAKEN BY ASTRONAUT L. GORDON COOPER, JR., DURING HIS 22-ORBIT MA-9 MISSION. MG4-1767 FIG. 15 Page 10

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M-913-65-04 ASTRONAUTS The Command Pilot for the GT -4 mission will be James A. McDivitt and the Pilot will be Edward H. White, II. The backup flight crew will consist of Frank Borman as Command Pilot and James A. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. Their pictures and biographies follow: Edward H. White, II FIG. 16 FIG. 17 JAMES A. MCDIVITT Born in Chicago, Illinois on June 10, 1929. He graduated first in his class from the University of Michigan with a B.S. in aeronautical engineering. McDivitt is married to the former Patricia A. Hass of Cleveland, Ohio and has three children. McDivitt joined the Air Force in 1951 and is an Air Force Major. He was awarded three Distinguished Flying Crosses, five Air Medals and the Choo Moo Medal from South Korea. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Experimental Test Pilot School and the United States Air Force Aerospace Research pilot course. He served at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an experimental test pilot. McDivitt has logged more than 3, 000 hours flying time, including 2, 500 hours in jet aircraft. McDivitt was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overall astronaut training program he has had additional specialized duties. These duties include monitoring the design and development of the guidance and navigation systems for the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, as well as monitoring the overall Apollo Command and Service Modules. EDWARD H. WHITE Il Born in San Antonio, Texas, on November 14, 1930. White received his B.S. from the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from 5/24/65 Page 11

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M-913-65-04 the University of Michigan. He is married to the former Patricia E. Finegan of Washington, D.C. and has two children. White, an Air Force Major, received flight training in Florida and Texas, following his graduation from West Point. He attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in 1959. White was later assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as an experimental test pilot with the Aeronautical Systems Division. In this assignment he made flight tests for research and weapons systems development, wrote technical engineering reports, and made recommen- dations for improvement in aircraft design and construction. He has logged more than 3,600 hours flying time, including more than 2,200 hours in jet aircraft. White was named as a member of the astronaut team selected by NASA in September 1962. FRANK BORMAN Born in Gary, Indiana on March 14, 1928. He re- ceived his B.S. from the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. He is married to the former Susan Bugbee of Tucson, Arizona and has two sons. Upon graduation from West Point, Borman, now an Air Force Major, chose an Air Force career and received his pilot training at Williams Air Force Base, California From 1951 to 1956 he served with fighter squadrons in the United States and in the Philippines and was an instructor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point. He was graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School in 1960 and later served there as an instructor. In this capacity he prepared and delivered academic lectures and simulator briefings, and flight test brief- ings on the theory and practice of spacecraft testing. Borman has logged more than 4,400 hours flying time, including more than 3, 600 hours in jet aircraft. Borman was one of the nine astronauts named by NASA in September 1962. JAMES A. LOVELL, JR. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928. He received his B.S. from the United States Naval Academy. Lovell is married to the former Merilyn Gerlach of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and has three children. Lovell, a Navy Lieutenant Commander, received flight training following his graduation from Annapolis. He served in a number of Naval 5/24/65 Page 12 Frank Borman FIG. 18 James A. Lovell, Jr. FIG. 19

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M-913-65-04 aviator assignments including a three year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River, Maryland. His duties there included service as program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation. Lovell was graduated from the Aviation Safety School of the University of Southern California. He served as flight instructor and safety officer with Fighter Squadron 101 at the Naval Air Station at Oceana, Virginia. Lovell has logged 3,000 hours flying time, including more than 2,000 hours in jet aircraft. Lovell was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overall astronaut training program, he has been assigned special duties. These duties included monitoring design and development of recovery and crew life support systems. These include space suits, environmental control system and developing techniques for lunar and earth landings and recovery. TRAJECTORY The launch trajectory for the GT-4 mission will be similar to that flown by GT-3. In- sertion will be at the same altitude, 87 miles, but the first apogee of GT-4 will be 161 miles. The Gemini launch sequence is shown in Figure 20. FLIGHT PLAN In addition to the various orbital maneuvers to be performed during the mis- sion, as called out in Table Il, other activities will be taking place as is shown below in Table Ill, a summarization of the Flight Plan. The consumable items loaded onboard the spacecraft are shown in Table IV. 87 N.M.- A 200000- U 75.000 42.000 E 25.000 - 15.000 2500* 2000 500 0 LAUNCH SEQUENGE 5:36 SECO 7G's. 5:58 S/C SEP- -5:10 CHANGE ABORT MODE MODE III: SHUTDOWN • SEPARATE S/C • RETRO & REENTRY SEQUENCE -2:48 START MODE II: SHUTDOWN RADIO GUIDANCE • SALVO RETROS -2:34 BECO •JETTISON RETRO 5.5G's SECTION • LANDING SEQUENCE -1:40 CHANGE ABORT MODE -1:19 MAX Q DELAYED MODE II: SHUTDOWN • WAIT 5 SECONDS -1:03 MACH ONE • SALVO RETROS • JETTISON RETRO -0:50 CHANGE ABORT- SECTION MODE • LANDING SEQUENCE -0:23 START PITCH - 0:20 STOP ROLL 072* MODE 1: EJECT — 0:10 START ROLL 085* 0 •0:00 LIFT OFF 50 400 RANGE - NAUTICAL MILES 500 FIG. 20 5/24/65 Page 13

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5/24/65 MANEUVER Separation 1 2A +TSC #1 TSC #2 TSC #3 2B ЗА 3B AV 10FPS 7FPS 12FPS 5FPS 5FPS 5FPS 27FPS 4FPS 6FPS HP/HA AFTER MANEUVERS 87/161 N.M. 91/161 N.M. 94/134 N.M. 93/124 N.M. 4 110FPS 45/99 (45/97)* #FOR PACIFIC LANDING +TRANSLATIONAL SYSTEM CHECK POINT OF APPLICATION SECO+2- 2d Apogee Apogee of 30th Rev. Approx. 15 min after 2A 5 min. after TSC #1 5 min after TSC #2 Perigee following 2A Apogee of 45th Rev. Perigee following 62d Rev. (or 66th Rev. )* TRANSLA- DIRECTION TIONAL OF THRUST THRUSTER FWD AFT FWD FWD FWD Left Down Up AFT FWD AFT AFT Left Right Up Down AFT FWD FWD AFT PURPOSE s/C-Booster Separation Adjust lifetime (for insertion dispersions Evaluate thruster operation Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. valuate thruster operation. Determine visuc aracteristics of thruster plum Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual characteristics of thruster plume. Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual characteristics of thruster plume. Adjust lifetime. Evaluate 3-axis application. Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. Achieve OAMS retrofire. Evaluate thruster operation. M-913-65-04

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Time HRS:MIN 0:12 1:45 4:35 7:45 11:15 13:05 17:05 19:52 24:00 25:58 29:25 31:20 31:40 33:20 43:00 44:25 46:48 47:33 52:30 54:35 56:35 70:26 76:30 77:20 90:45 95:45 96-35 97:32 97:46 5/24/65 Revolution No. 1 2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9 11 13-14 16 17-18 19 20 21 22 28 29 30 31 33-34 35 36-37 41 46 49 50 58 61 62 63 TABLE III IN-FLIGHT ACTIVITIES EVENT Insertion Checklist D-9 Experiment Translation Maneuver D-6 Experiment MSC-1,2,3, and 10 Experiments M-3 Experiment MSC-2 and 3 Experiments D-8 Experiment D-9 Experiment D-1 Experiment M-3 Experiment S-5 Experiment HF Communication Tests D-9 Experiment S-6 Experiment MSC-2 & # Experiments D-8 Experiment D-8 Experiment S-6 Experiment S-6 Experiment S-5 Experiment S-6 Experiment M-3 Experiment MSC-1 Experiment Translation Maneuvers Translation Maneuvers Thruster Failure Check Power Down S/C S-5 Experiment S-6 Experiment M-3 Experiment D-9 Experiment MSC-2 & 3 Experiments S-6 Experiment D-9 Experiment Translation Maneuvers M-3 Experiment Apollo Yaw Orientation Power Down S/C M-3 Experiment D-9 Experiment Power Down S/C M-3 Experiment Pre Retro Checklist, TR-5 Minutes Checklist, TR-1 Minute Checklist Retrofire, Retro Jettison, Post-Retro Checklist Reentry, Drogue Chute Deploy, Pilot Chute Deploy, Main Chute Deploy, Two-Point Suspension, Touchdown, Post-Landing Checklist Page 15 M-913-65-04 Function CP Day Night XXXX XXXXXX xxX× XXXXXXXXX xxx X X X X X X X X

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M-913-65-03 ITEM Batteries OAMS Propellants Odixizer Fuel Oxygen Primary Secondary Lithium Hydroxide Food Drinking Water Spacecraft Adapter RCS Propellants Oxidizer Fuel TABLE IV GT-4 CONSUMABLE LOADINGS QUANTITY 703 Ibs. based on a 2400 A-h 246 Ibs 164 Ibs 52 lbs 13 lbs 97 lbs 1b Ibs 14 Ibs 61 lbs 40.4 lbs 31.6 lbs REMARKS Each battery has a 400 A-h capacity Egress bottle are also carried if ejection is required. LANDING SEQUENCE At the end of the mission, the parachute landing sequence shown in Figure 21 will be employed. One item that should be mentioned in this regard is that should the 84-foot main parachute fail to open, the crew can abandon the spacecraft by eject- ing and using their personal parachutes to effect a safe water landing. The latter sequence would also be employed should the spacecraft come in overland instead of the intended water landing. 50, 000 FEET 21, 000 FEET 10.000 t221 9,600 FEET 9,000 FEET GEMINI PARACHUTE LANDING SEQUENCE — WHATRE — OPEN CABIN VENT — YILOT PARACHUTI EPLOYED — R & R SECTION SEPARATION - MAIN CHUTE DEPLOYMENT 6,700 FEET 1,500 FEET SEA LEVEL FIG. 21 SUSPENSION - CABIN WATER SEAL CLOSED - TOUCHDOWN — JaTisON chUT: 5/24/65 Page 16

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M-913-65-03 MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY The Gemini Program is managed by the Gemini Program Director who exercises his direction through the Project Manager at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The direc- tion of a specific mission is accomplished by a Mission Director acting under the cognizance of the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight from the time a space vehicle is committed to flight test until the end of the Mission Period. TITLE NAME ORGANIZATION Program Director Acting) Deputy Program Director Program Manager Mission Director Dr. G.E. Mueller Mr. W.C. Schneider Mr. C.W. Mathews Mr. C.C. Kraft PROGRAM MANAGEMENT NASA Headquarters NASA Headquarters MSC MSC NASA HEADQUARTERS Office of Manned Space Flight PROJECT MANAGEMENT Manned Spacecraft Center TRACKING & DATA ACQUISITION SPACECRAFT LAUNCH VEHICLE MSC GSFC ETR MSC MSC McDonnell Aircraft Co. SSD Aerospace Corporation Martin Company Aerojet General OPERATIONS ORGANIZATION FOR MISSION PERIOD MISSION DIRECTOR DOD Mgr for MSF Support Operations Staff Gemini Flight Ops Rep Requirements Coordinator Security Officer Meteorological. Group Gemini Program Manager Deputy for Launch Operations Deputy for Flight Operati ons DOD Recovery Director GLV Launch Director Atlas/Agena Launch Director Medical Director Public Affairs Director Gemini S/C Test Conductor Flight Crew Director - -- Flight Crew Recovery Support Officer S/c Communi- cator Medical Monitor Flight Support Officer Flight Control 5/24/65 Page 17

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M-913-65-04 TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION The ground support network for GT-4 will be the Gemini Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) illustrated in Figure 22 and tabulated in Table V. There will be, however, some minor modifications to the MSFN for the GT-4 mission. These changes for the GT-4 flight are primarily in locating the range tracking ships in positions most advantageous for the orbits to be flown. TABLE V - NETWORK REQUIREMENTS FOR GT-4 Telemetry Network Ground Station Code Tracking Radar Mistram Acq. aid Gemini launch vehicle or others as listed PCM FM/FM Links Band X received Spacecraft Command R/T D/T RSDP* DCS Tone A/G voice UHF HF Flight Controller Manned Sites Merritt Island MILA Cape Kennedy/ CNV/ Mission Control MCC Patrick AFB PAFB Grand Bahamas GBI Grand Turk GTI Antigua ANT Ascension Island ASC Valkaria, Fla. VAL Eleuthera Island ELU Bermuda BDA Canary Island CYI Kano, Nigeria KNO Tananarive TAN Carnarvon CRO Canton Island CTN Hawaii HAW Guaymas, Mex. GYM Corpus Christi TEX Rose Knot Victor RKV Coastal Sentry CSQ Range Tracker RTK Pt Arguello, Cal CAL White Sands, NM WHS Eglin AFB EGL MSC, Houston MCC Telemetry Aircraft GE-Mod III-G X Xa 3 X X X X X X × ×× Xb Xa coco co Xc × × xxx Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc X X xxx Xb Xc × ×| Xa Xa X Xa X Xc Xc Xc. Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc Xc X X xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxx Xc Xc (d) NOTES: a - Record Only c - Remoted to and from the MCC b - Remoted to MCC d - Three telemetry aircraft in primary recovery area * Remote Site Data Process (RSDP) The ground network support facilities include the MCC-Houston, Cape Kennedy (CNV), Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) downrange stations, the MSFN, and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Real time tracking and the acqui- sition of data for post flight evaluation will be provided by optical and photo- graphic systems, MISTRAM, GE Mod Ill radar, C-band radar, and the Impact Predictor (IP) 7094. The network as listed in Table V will monitor spacecraft and launch vehicle PCM telemetry. The flight controller-manned stations, as shown in Table V will display selected spacecraft data for real-time evaluation and transmit these data to the MCC via teletype. The MCC will use both the Digital Command System (DCS) for transmitting commands. All the remote sites that are flight controller-manned, except for GYM, will have the DCS command capability. Tone commands for use by the Range Safety Officer will be used for manual fuel cutoff (MFCO), auxiliary second stage cutoff (ASCO), and Destruct. 5/24/65 Page 18

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5/24/65 Page 19 GT-4 MANNED SPACE FLIGHT NETWORK GEMINI INDIAN THE WORLD AT LAN TIC OCEAN SOUTHE PILAR RECKIN FIG. 22 M-913-65-04

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M-913-65-04 BACKGROUND Project Gemini is the stepping stone between the comparatively simple one-man orbital flights of Project Mercury and the complexities involved in the multi-man lunar flights of Project Apollo. As such, Gemini's prime reason for being is to increase knowledge of man's capabilities in space and in developing operational techniques to support the Apollo Program. Thus, Gemini's objectives become: a. Long-duration flights - up to fourteen days b. Rendezvous and maneuver in space c. Docking with a target vehicle d. Extra-vehicular activities by the astronauts e. Controlled reentry f. Operational training for all flight personnel concerned To accomplish these objectives, a series of flights have been planned of which this GT-4 is the fourth. The first three demonstrated respectively: orbital insertion capability, spacecraft structural integrity, and crew accommodation qualities. The four-day manned flight will further demonstrate manned space flight capabilities for the support of future missions of even longer duration. The remaining eight Gemini flights, all of which will be manned by two astronauts, are tabulated in Table VI with type of missson and approximate date of flight: TABLE VI Mission No. Mission Objectives Date GT-5 GTA-6 GT -7 GTA-8 GTA-9 GTA-10 GTA-11 GTA-12 Seven-day flight with experiments* Radar rendezvous and docking 14-day Extra-vehicular activities Optical rendezvous and docking Simultaneous countdown and rendezvous Direct rendezvous Apollo-LEM rendezvous simulation Apollo-LEM abort simulation Latter 1965 Early 1966 Early 1966 Early 1966 Mid 1966 Mid 1966 Late 1966 Early 1967 *Includes rendezvous evaluation pod The planned end-of-the-mission touchdown point is in the Atlantic Ocean approxi- mately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda as is shown in Figure 23. This is the primary landing area. The GT-4 mission employs a zone concept for recovery which estab- lishes four recovery zones: East Atlantic, West Atlantic, West Pacific and Mid- Pacific. Each zone consists of a circular area with a radius of 240 nautical miles in which various ships and planes will be stationed. An aircraft carrier will be sta- tioned only in the primary landing area as illustrated in the recovery forces diagram 5/24/65 Page 20

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M-913-65-04 GT-4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LANDING ZONES, RECOVERY SHIP SUPPORT AND CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES • LAJES KINDLEY DD DD SAN DIEGO-O PATRICK O, LAS PALMAS OKINAWA CVS AO DD HIKAM O DD • KANO ALBROOK - • GUAM SINGAPO © ASCENSION RIO DE JANEIRO O MAURITIUS JOHANNESBURG O CvS DD AO RECOVERY AREA SECONDARY RECOVERY AREA CARRIER DESTROYER OILER CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES O LIMA ELISABETHVILLE • PAGO PAGO PERTH O FIG. 23 of Figure 24. Other areas in the world along the ground tracks are called contingency landing areas. Because these contingency landing areas are world-wide, it has been necessary to pre-position certain aircraft with their associated crews, pararescuemen, and paramedics so that they will be able to reach the spacecraft in sufficient time to render aid to the downed astronauts. These contingency forces have been deployed to the bases shown in Figure 23. It should be noted that there are numerous types of aircraft in the launch area and primary RECOVERY AREA FORCES landing area for telemetry, weather reconnaissance, aerial ARS AIRCRAFT photography, and recovery PRIMARY RECOVERY ZONE (480 MILES IN DIAMETER) operations. In addition to these aircraft there are also several helicopters in the pri- mary recovery area from the aircraft carrier that are carry- ing swimmers. These swimmers LANDING FOOTPRINT (ELLIPSE - 200 MILES BY 40 MILES) deploy into the water and attach an auxiliary flotation collar to the spacecraft. Launch area recovery forces are de- picted in Figure 25. USS WASP AND ONE DESTROYER AT TOUCHDOWN POINT 3 WASP HELICOPTERS 1 WASP COMMAND 1 USAF SSB RELAY AIRCRAFT 30° 2, ARS AIRCRAFT FIG. 24 5/24/65 Page 21

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M-913-65-04 LAUNCH AREA RECOVERY FORCES 2 MINESWEEPER OCEAN GOING SHIPS (MSO) N (ARS) * 720 AUXILIARY RESCUE 50 MI » SHIP nate USMC AMPHIBS LANDING FOOTPRINT (27 MILES LONG) USA M 113 LARK TANKS FOUR HELICOPTERS TWO PHOTO JETS FIG. 25 5/24/65 Page 22

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CODE 1. NASA ROUTING SLIP NAME (if necessary) Siesch ACTION APPROVAL CONCURRENCE FILE INFORMATION INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE NOTE AND FORWARD NOTE AND RETURN PER REQUEST RECOMMENDATION SEE ME SIGNATURE REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF: 4. 5. 6. 7. REMARKS: Iwant to sent Cops. 7 this enosmous transmiscion if at all posite to De. Franklin Poach, Bolden Laurence Dunbelman, Beste How can it he done? Falcon to o s stad other tige avatape 9/21 ] CODE: NAME: DATE: FROM: NASA Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1963 OF OF-671845

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CODE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. REMARKS: NASA ROUTING SLIP NAME (if necessary) jenTV File ACTION APPROVAL CONCURRENCE FILE INFORMATION INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE NOTE AND FORWARD NOTE AND RETURN PER REQUEST RECOMMENDATION SEE ME SIGNATURE REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF: Record 7 'Expta. Debriefeng at MS C Ca, June 25, 1965 CODE: NAME: FROM: NASA Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) дед DATE: U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1963 OF-671845

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EXI3 ROUTING SLIP NAME N. G. FOSTER R. L. COX W. A. EATON G. C. HRABAL R. A. MOKE F. B. NEWMAN O. SMISTAD B. BROCKER M. M. MALINAK FILE INITIAL Or JocEryN GILL

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OF AFTERNOON SESSION OF GT-4 EXP DEBRIGFINGA FOR INTO - LF 7-6-5 Dun Palman or Dubin affendese Dumbelass: 35 on something like that down fron looking at the air flowedge on Now the air glow was discovered quite a number of years ago when it was studied from the ground the hard way and, uh, uh, by betometer (?), and by (triangulation), by trying to determine how high it was, it was many years before one had some iden how high the air glow really was, Lie to herehend tina Roachor M - und in a moment we will indicate how in a matter of seconds Glenn and lil Carpenter was able to determine in u matter of seconds how high it was. And then he did away with 30 years of hard work. Again, there was i discovery made there, but the point wus that in a few seconds from the right vantage point you can do a job. Now with the air glow then looking edge on it sort of, uh, ... we'll ... a band we never mean by band a real pertectly designed band like in the slide or something like Debriefing Me Dutta white Gemini IT Са. Гиля 25, 1967 that, it sonetimes a little fuzzy but this is the air glow band and this is the earth, and this is roughly about 90 kilometers as deternined by Carpenter and by rocket passing through the wir glow. Th, this is the air glow edge on that we have heard about this morning uh, it was used in connection with the (Sextan) experiments and so on. Now I just wanted to sive you some idea ot where we stand in brightness. Now, uh, before Glenn wis to have gone off uh, the thought was to have him iffemi visual observations during, whatever time he might have. And NASA head- quarters und we at Goddard uh, thought about it a little bit and, uh Mary Datin) us dosen (ill) mid mysel thought perhaps a little work on the nir flow might be a good beginning. And uh, uh, John Glenn was riven a narrow, interterence filter very similar to this type that was used over the (Dextard. Uh, he, he, us, did not have very much time J. fil Cade SGM

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Belt 11 2 to use it, but he, uh, did, uh, have a chance to observe the air glow with the naked eye and he saw it edge on and he called it, uh . . . • name for it at the moment and . . . . . and really the first time you see a thing like that you don't know whether it haze or luminous sort; it does look hazy. Unfortunately, the press and other people kept that term in existence a lone tine, so long, that a number of astronomers in Europe •.. papors on this. Much of this haze Inyer was really a hazy layer and consist, consisting of dust particles and so on. Really, what Glenn saw was air glow edge on a luminous layer. There may be a little dust there, Many lay have sonothine, to thy about that, but the prodominate feature is it is a self luminous Inyer. Now, Carpenter has more time to observe it. He took the interference filters back up with him, and uh, he was able to time a star passing through the air glow as the star was setting and he noted it and turned it very carefully... • through the air flow the upper the lower and when it disappenred. From that careful timing information one was able to pin down tle exact time of the air flow. Roughly 90 kilometers. And this is what took many many years to do from the ground by triangulation (7) which is very very difficult cause you never know how to bake ere of thul. ... . . transmission was later done by rocket passing. throuth the air glow returning when the was. ..... But (Carpenter) wis uble to do this in a matter of seconds. Well that started.....• • observation. Uh, we had hoped Chat later on perhaps the . . ... . light which is very difficult to see near the sun, on earth you can see it only when the sun is, oh, some

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Belt 11 2, or so degrees below the horizon. We sometime see astronauts might be able to see that. Uh, Cooper was able to see the . . . light, and uh, White and McDivitt saw the • • light, very well. Uh, the let's see there's another point here; well, we'll go back to that in a moment. The reason I think have the other designs to show what can be done. If we have time to show what, can be done by extending visual observations we will do so. Uh, some of these new results, uh, that McDivitt and White were able to record are very interesting. Uh, first of all, they saw a structure in the air glow and this is the first time this is reported. In one instance, a uh, . . . . ... . . . . is seen some structure in the air glow that they're looking edge on turns (white) . . . . This has never been observed before. It is very hard to observe this with a rocket; you don't know when to fire the rocket to do that. They, they observed that. They observed another interesting thing. They observed meteor going into the earth's atmosphere down below them. It is the first time a meteor is reported from uh, uh, space by an astronaut. And it was a very pecu- liar experience for them I am sure because they saw the things below them going down into the earth's atmosphere. They saw when they were over Australia, they saw uh, over Australia they saw (southern) lights uh, this again is the first time I think this is reported by astronauts. They saw these these cilver lights below them as a, a curtain I think that they can guess. • • • • a lot better than I could. Uh, uh, • • • • and this is sort of below them. They both saw the ih, southern light? Uh, these, these are sort of night, time phenoment. There are some interesting twilight phenomena that is difficult observe from rockets or satelites and they have been walching sunrise and sunsets. Uh, they found sunrises more

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Belt 1] spectacular than sunsets. I will try to explain that in a moment if I can. Uh, . . . • going to go back a moment to what Cooper, uh, what Schirra uh, saw during a twilight right after sunset. He observed, uh, the planet Mars and he observed at twilight, the sun had just set, a very specta- cular array of colors, he describes them very carefully in the report, in the blue book, his blue book, and summarys blue book too. Un, he described a rather interesting blue band that's three blue bands; you can call Schirra's blues. Uh, . . . . . . is true and he's able to do quite well, with blues. He observed a dark blue, light blue, and a dark blue. And the word "light" is a difficult word. When one says light one doesn't know whether one means the blue was a lighter hue or it was brighter. But, it, it appears to be a light blue, and one has to use these words for what they stand. Anyway, we uh, from what these observations were is (reportedly) on to a tape and is . . . • (debriefing) and afterwards we are all very consistent. We had an order to try to construct this thing. The first time around it needed a little correction when Schirra saw it; the second time around he was somewhat, he was quite pleased with it. We didn't quite know what this thing (band) was at first; we're still not too sure. Uh, we think it might be looking . . ... . • timeless tube because the . . . . tomorrow is . . • use the sume technique for timing ns Carpenter had started. Uh, we Chink possibly, one is observing the ozonisphere edge on. The ozonisphere is approximately, uh, oh, from 10 to 15 kilometers high up to ro, some- thing like that. It seems to have a maximum around 25 or 20 kilometers. The, uh, ozone as you know, is very very absorbing in the ultraviolet,

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Belt 11 5 in tart complete absorbant below 3000 for solar radiation coming . . . does not penetrate. There is another weak band of ozone in the red, yellow, and green. . . in the . . . band uh, at, uh, distance 5000 . • 4000 . . . . 6000 • • 1000 and if by clock uh, absortion this way then n weak ozone band or something. like that. And it does subtract, it does absorb a bit of the red, yellow, treen and the oxone is completely Gransparent. and the reason 4900 down to 35 then it starts taking off again and then it becomen agin the well known deep absorption ul, in the ultraviolel. Well, uh, there is only an equivalent of 2 milimeters or 3 milimeters . . . 2 or 3 milimeters equivalent of ozone in the upper atmosphere that is of course, beeruse complete (continuation) of the sun- light. However, when you look at this edge on you're looking through quite a long path and this, perhaps, this ozone does seen to this weak abcorption begins becomine equal. Bo it does attract out a lot of red, yellow, and green light that otherwise would exist in this rarely at- mosphere, this blue atmosphere that (uses) . ... scattered light. There's certaindy a lot of red, yellow, and reen in the blue sky any- wuy. And by attrebims that out you end up with another kind of blue, ozone blues whiet looke probably differently from, different from the . . . blue. In taob, this in what it was We weren't sure and then yesterday, late yesterday, ab, the astronauts showed us some of the movies they were takins, they had been baking with their em camera and uh, on the whole in some of the very spectacular sunsets, there this band appears. There's a light of blue. Amin, uh. they weren't that light that the colorind in the lop of blese ... • naked eye. but, uh, this is very true.

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Belt 11 Anyway, there's i ense where Schirra's visual observacion has been confirmed by photography, motion picture photography. The explanation I give may or may not be right, I don't know. I haven't had a chance to look ut all the other problems. There's also a dust layer in here within Chis general refion too around 20 kilometers which could add some scattering and . . • the situation down by the white light too well, I don't know, it may be very complicated. So here's another situation where an observation, later confirmed by, uh, another set of astronauts doing the job by (physics]) means. Uh, Cooper made some very interesting ob- servations. At night he, uh, during moonless nights, he had no trouble seeing elouds looking abright down. And this is interesting because un, well, we know why he eun see the clouds now that. he says he could. It is cimply that these clouds ure being illuminated by the airglow. The air glow is the . ... . light source is illuminating: down on the clouds and air glow is very transparent in solar radiation and that sort of thing, so when you look down you're getting uh, sort of . . . . right behind it, you're setting an intensement of, of light here and you see clouds and of course the rest is a factor of two different . . . Go he has no brouble seeing clouds. This is interesting because the poopie now are working on the pole-vult air flow experiment which will be lanced . . Uh. welL. We • • • ... . • no. they Faven, Lime to Pipure how they departe the nir plow observations . . . • But. ruein this parbicular observation brings to light. some probtens will trace people who are working on a major satellite. There's mother interesting little by-produet. Cooper also had no trouble secing the earth lem at night. Uh, without moon. This is

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Belt 11. reaconable too, because uh, as you look in this direction you see the always the edge on air glow. But you also are looking through the air glow, as it is coming around; you're looking sort of taking two passes through the air flow instead of one, long big path and you are getting some light; and you are not. getting vory much light from the surface of the eurth. Go there is a kind of s (positive) contrast. There's a little bit of light here and . . . . . up in here. Uh, MeDivitt and White reported the same thires, although, Mebivitt mid that when we asked him what was moon condition, he says wish't concertied about it because he could see the earth lem all the time. Well, line, i the moon is out it is illuminating the earth's lem and perhaps the it was a little brighter than the air slow when there is no moon the other way around. But the point is there io a line of demarkation, at night. In fact, they prefer, the thing the line of demarkation is much more firm at night than in the daytime. The daytime, duy the cloud situation is uh, very difficult but there're clouds at night, too, but uh, I think, one . . • effect of (night) one is not seeing too much detail. It seems that they, they may have something to pay about this. Uh, uh. I haven't had much time to think about it but, uh, they did seem to fecl tat this, this, situation no night. wis a Little bit sharper in the daytiem, than in the daytime. Doct the air adow vry in elevationt Uh, yen, To does. Oh, but. not very much. Not, the uh. th, the visable nir elow and the, the green air flow, the green continues. Oh. I might mike one statement. 1, I think maybe by our not being careful enough early in the game, by copambing the 5577 atonic oxygen green line of

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Belt 11 8 the nir glow from the continuat we may have caused people to think that there's something very magic about the green (line).

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Belt 12 1 5577 4477 atomic oxygen green line of the air glow from the continual we may have caused people to think that there's something very magic about the green (line). If you are starting the green line certainly you want to observe the green line... ... • are built very carefully to observe (holding) the green line in and uh, would continue (near). But for . • applications it may not be always wise to subtract the (continuim). In other words, while you're dealing with and this is again those 4000, 7000 • •• 23 mentioned 5577 is the green line right here but there's a strong continuim right along here. A lot of light here; this is the light we've been talking about. This visual night (glow) visable night glow edge on is is the total. So there's a lot of light there and just... • in the Sextant experiment . . • constructively critical perhaps the reason why the . . . . didn't work too well is after one is throwing away a lot of light. Un, this is not as bad as the case of fog lights you know. Remember years ago the fog lights were yellow. They were light wasters. There is no reason, the only reason why they worked well is they were low down so eventually the yellow. . . . disappear. But you don't want to wiste any light. However, White will point out to you or . • • he did prefer using the green filter and MeDivitt preferred not using the filter. Go. . . . • Pirst to depends a lot your own method of observation. I do wint. to point out that one has to be very careful how one makes ... • applicutions of nir glow. Uh, • . . • recall any other, uh, things, they, you weren't here yesterday; . ... • know a little bit about it. Uh, I think I should . • •. • sensitiveity it each of the astronauts

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Belt 2 starting with Glenn who had trouble getting . • Well, I really don't want to get into that too much for this reason. Finally, there will be a very fine experiment carefully planned through the • I mean sensitivity uh, Oh, uh, uh, 0. K. Well, Glenn didn't a change to get . . . . and therefore he wasn't able to make the same acute observations for example, as Cooper was able to make because for example, I don't think Glenn had an oppor- tunity to really get . . . . and see very much on the daytime skies but you mean maybe, un, that type of uh, Well, uy, yes, uh, or even starlight. Oh, alright, fine, alright, I see what you mean. What was the (landing) orbit magnitude? Yes. o. K. Uh, . . . • going back to . . . . let me continue with that Uh, in one case Cooper was taking a small, woke up and opened his blind and looked out and he was on the day side. The earth was directly below him, the sun was directly behind him. So the earth was not illuminating any portion of the window nor was it illuminating anything that the window saw. There is not primary, secondary . . . • arca . . • • * • Jike that. He had a pretby good situation and he did see stars in the daytime but he did indiente that he was not able to see as well in the dy side as he did at night and he saw quite well at night. And, again we know there's a day air glow but its very ditficult to measure and here is a beginning of a subjective observation of, of its (men) at the

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Bc1t 12 (station) and I hope some doy there will be sensitive enough to . . . on board so that during the day side one can look and observe physically what the day air glow is. Now this is very important because here we have the orbiting. - • next year and very important background prob- lem. Two of the orbiting... • • observatories . ... • are above the air glow, this air glow. But the day air glow is much higher and uh, at least, there's good evidence in the rocket measurements that it's higher and it's sort of associated with a red air glow. And, so here's our situation where an astronaut was able to subjectively note the difference between day and night in the (sky) Uh, McDivitt and White were able to see down to 7th and 8th mmiture stars where as the other astronauts were not able to see so well. Again it may be a question of time (darkmentation) perhaps not that much more time but uh, ... . . . . they were getting down to uh, the kinds of sensitivity. • • • that uh, should be possible under, under good conditions of dull atmosphere. Uh, should we mention anything (about) the window (pane) and un, . . . . . to hear more about it, the question on did uy, White smear something on the window or take something off with his elbow or something. It appeared, from what we heard, that he tood something off there has been some accumulation (?) them senttering the medium on the window and we took come of it off and when it look at what he did, they have to look in, in Chrouth the window, it looked black where he lind rubbed something off, and this seems to mike sense because scattered light . . • • coming in and scattering off window which had accumulation of little particles which tre brought or something which would get in the light the place where he moved it and again it looked. But after all the cockpit inside is

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Belt 12 relatively black compared to the outside. And this is true and they looked out through the window uh, there seemed to be a change. In fact, they have aphotograph of this (spot) . . ... talk about that. Uh, they are very uh, they say the astronauts have taken advantages of every possible opportunity. . . . to note something unusual. And he keeps all the copies . •• • Uh, • ... • • I think we can look a little bit to the future. I think we all would like to extend the . . . . range of vision and the way to do that is with imge converters. This may be very practical. Uh, if one is dealing with uh, the idea of perhaps using a violet lens rather than a blue to get down to a region that is . . . . . many more comments on. You may be getting into a region where the eye is not very sensitive or not sensitive at all, yet it is a very inter- esting region to do practical navigation well, there one can use the image converter and have the eye become sensitive through an image converter to uh, (the near violet). There are many observations that have made from rockets that are hard to repeat. Un, for example, ultraviolet aurora. We're not sure this happened but uh, two of these . . . • • in a rocket and through air and it got saturated and it turns out that it probably WILS a very strong ui traviolet aurora over Wallops Island. And fortunately two of the (cactonetors) worked and because they were . . . . to such high censitivity but the other two were . . . . Well, uh, there was no visible counterpart of this aren; there was no way of knowing it; satellites have . . . . . • astronauts might be able to look around and see. • • • • ultraviolet aurora. They saw this aurora in south Australia visually. Well, that's the beginning. Perhaps with image converters they might pick up some other aurora. ... . . . . . • • • ultriviolet . . . . uh, io a very . • region; we don't know whether the petiti

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Bels 12 5 than other kind, uh portions. Now here again an image converter will converl.... Jight to visable light. Uh, their observations that have been made of these nebulocities (?) which may or may not be so, these are ultraviolet nebulocities (?) in the 1200-1300 region. Again one might. have an image converter or create an image in a matter of a moment., look at a line(?) and see if one can see this nebulocities(?). Maybe one... instrumental problem(?) we don't know. In this type of experiment very difficult to achieve. Uh, well, I think that's about all I wanted to say uh, I am sure you'll ket a much better feeling of how these observations were made and how hey appeared; the astronauts when they tell you about the, when.... The last thing on our program is the astronauts, and they've obviously been delayed so I suggest, we take a coffee break while we wait, for them..... We'll cut, our colfee break short. Colonel McDivitt and Colonel White have shown up here. Uh, maybe we can recount. (?), take a minute and recount for them what we've done. Uh, our intent. here was to have each of our experimentors go through the bnekground of the experiment, to through the experiment, and also kive some of your comments you pave to tiem yesterday, so as to Mill in as mach backpround an you could. I think that the speaker(2) would apprecinte, if you would, uh, rave some of your own comments and observations on each of these experiments, where you par- Licipated more than the (switch wits in operation?), and, uh, give them the opportunity to ask a few questions based on the other things they talked aboul. this morning... And I guess this morning we went through the modical experiments firsl... the medical experiments

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Belt 12 6 and, uh, choice as to how you..... (Actually) two hours in space. I don't think there are any questions on that. Ha, Ha. The X-rays (?) didn't cause any significant hardships as far as the...... to flight. They made us get up what, 10 minutes earlier. Yeuh. Well, you can hack (2) that. Since there was only 4.3. (?) I guess That's most serious problems and I wanted a milkshake or something as soon as I landed and I couldn't have it. Said I couldn't have any calcium until, what, (20 hours afterwards?) As far as the flight problems That's a pretty safe floor (2) my heel dian't hurt at all. Mine's all healed up. Ha, Ha. I didn't think you had enough shield at the moment (?) Ha, Ha. The uh, phonocardiogram (?) like some of the other senses (?).... couple days (?) Not so that we couldn't carry on the mission. It wasn't any more bothersome than any of the other ones. I'a been interested in, interested in knowing. uh, the... results of them. It hasn't come up...... Yeah. What I'm really interested in is whether or not our motion disturbed the microphone enough so that you heard a lot of other things..... and not necessarily our heurl.. But we did uh, always have the band on the....

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Belt 13 nad the.....man on the tape. The EKG? On the biometry tape recorder. They were arranged in such a manner that the - the phonocardio- gram by itself was not recorded on both tape recorders. It was only recorded on one tape recorder. And since we were not necessarily interested in the man who was awake, because he was moving around and you weren't going to try to get around to that anyway. Whenever one went to sleep, his biomed tape recorder was on. Most of the flight profile on the biomed..... Do either of you talk in your sleep? No, I don't believe so. Jim doesn't, do it? There were some - throughout the sleep I felt fine. I know I moved around, moved my arms and tried to get more comfortable. I only used about half of my first three sleep periods, which..... Are there any other queations on that? on the group of......your heel to lieul, meaning that all the calcium hits bech redeposited by the time the third X-ray was being... No, it is all heuled up right now. There is nothing wrong with it. We don't really have the data yet, I just talked to Dr...... we heard this morning that 8 to 10 percent, 8 to 10 percent calcium deficient. Well, we made u......and I um afraid we loss - not quite back Not quite all back. Not. quite all back and we were a little curious. We wondered if maybe

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. * Belt 13 2 we do provide extra shielding on the right side of the pilot's heel until a couple of weeks from now we will check it again out of curiosity. It is not part of the protocol or anything else. That's all right. But, we are just curious to find out. Now we realize that you have just been parading... ..... the more you jomp around on it. the more it comes back. I don't know if you think you have been jomping more or....• I will tell you one thing - I haven't had my fair share of ice cream and milk. When had you taken your last X-rays? Postflight, about, it's a little over 10 days, it was supposed to be 10 days and it turned out to be 12, I believe. We just had them. Cane down the 7th right, and we just did it yesterday morning, so there it is, the 23rd, about the 25rd day. I think if it is a function of exercise, and.... It is not a direct, function, I mean that is one variable, but it is just a curiousity that we had expected that it would be back up by nOW and it is not, quite back near pre. Well, what is il. now? How many percent, down is it? Can you tell? Well, it, varies now between the two of you. And these are still very preliminary now. We look those yesterday, and we - they were atill practiently wet. when we were doing it, but we are still

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Belt 13 3 probably 4 or 5 percent. below what you were when we took our pre- flights, and those were very constant, especially the first two. well, if we are still 4 or 5 percent down, then we only went down about 8 percent. Kight. What is the sensitivity in your method? Well, as I pointed out this morning, it. depends on the situation, but we think we are definitely within percent. It - we produced it on several machines - many times we get much closer than that, but we are not. - we don't want to go out. and say that we are - it varies. What wis your experience with the exercise? Yes, well let me comment on this firsl., because I think I deviated further the experiment. But after about 2 days I felt that I wasn't getting any exercise at all, and there is a limit to how much push- ing on the floor that you can do, so I got clearance from Dr. Grady, to go ahead and use the exerciser throughout the remainder of the flight. Not only as a method of exercise as prescribed in our medical type l passes, but. also as a form of exercising my arms and legs, however I saw fit. And I did do this through the remainder of the Plight. I think the roncon 1 did this. I sort of felt it was advan- tageous to go 4 days and be capable to yet outside the spacecraft by myself than to sort of stay in the state of hibernation. I kind of liked your comment yesterday, something about rather than turning into a pumpkin. Something like that. I thought it was funny. Really, we were - I was petting much less exercise than I had anti- cipated. There was a spurt, early in the flight. when I was getting everything out, setbing everything stored before the EVA and we

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Belt 13 4 had a lot of, a fair amount of exercise there. Then I found I could reach everything that I needed to reach without really....myself all over the inside of the spacecraft. I managed to get all the food out which is a - in a lg is a fairly difficult task, I managed to get it. out without any effort whatsoever, once I got the first one off. They were all....and they were in a box right behind me and 1 juat. - I always left one hanging out. It wis big enough so it wouldn't go back into the hole and it, was taped all.....and I didn't have to worry about. losing it, so I just reached back and find it, and I just jerked it and pretty soon the next meal would flop out, then I would take the scissors and eut, that one off, with no effort whatsoever, and I anticipated that I might have to turn around and reach back in there and could do a lot of exercises that..... Another thing that we thought might provide exercise just didn't so you had to make it. And I wasn't that - I didn't feel like during u lot of exercises for exercise sake because we weren't getting all the Bleep that. wis thought we should lave and I justlost the desire to be doing pushups or nuything like thut, but. I did feel that I needed more exercise than I wus gelting. I think that something ought to be made clear though here, I think we are using the word exercise rather freely here, in a common lay sense, and ugain the experiment here as it was designed was not necesarily - a work capacity or a work heart capacity test. It is not a thing designed to provide the crew with an extensive amount of

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Belt 13 5 exercise, and I think - I guess becuuse - you probably - might have fuessed he had about 60 pulls that you were really heating yourself. up a little bit under those conditions. Well, I made the comment that 30 was kind of trivial. Right. Then I said 60 warmed me up in the suit more than I would have liked to have been, I was kind of warm most of the time anyhow, and it just made me a little warmer. So it wasn't a real big exercise workload, the kind of exercise that you would do over in the gym. Right. I think that some people just, get a misconception of this thing - this exerciser- the fact that we call it that that we use the word exercise, that we should use the proper prospective here, what actually was taking place, which is a very short spurts of energy expenditures; yes, but not exercise like in a gym or a real good workout, of any type. Do you feel that the ventilation in the suit was adequate? I did, but there again, it was adequate but marginal. You couldn't do a lot of exercise, you would gel, a heut load. As a matter of fact, which lid wos exercising & lot, I could actually feel the heat going up into my side of the suit also. And Ed had a - Ed felt warmer than E did all during the flight. I think you are aware that you had different temperatures on our suits.. Which will help explain the difference in the feelings as far as the environment. How could you feel the heat when he exercised? Well, it is a closed loop. There are two branches to the loop.

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..,* Belt 13 6 But, the hot air went out, went through a bunch of contraptions, and eventually came back into both of our suits again, same way that mine did. He didn't have a closed loop for himself only, and I had another closed loop. We had a closed loop that was closed - but we were part of the same mechanical unit, so that anytime the air temp- crature went, up in the suit, regardless of whether Ed added the hent to it or whether I added the heat to it, it went, across the heat exchanger and it was only taking out so much of the heat, so it essentially it came in a little higher temperature than it would have if he wasn't exercising. So, you can notice these small temp- erature changes. Was the noise level associated with the cold air through the.... I think so, yes. Probably no, but I think probably your noise in your intercom was - er - was so much more thun that, you probably didn't even notice it as much as you had. You get used to it. Just like flying the P35, you get somebody in here that is not used to the hot make sitting in there it probably tets pretty objectionable in a short period of lime, but when you ure used to that, alter a period of Lime, you know there is a noise, but, you know what it, is and you can put it away. I think another interesting thing about. the exercise, though, not particularly the exerciser, but. the desire to do, I thought there was a decreasing desire to do some of the exercise at. work. You just didn't really - I did what I had to, but. I did go boomering around the inside of the spacecraft. unnecessurily. As fur us the workload is concerned. I don't know whether this is a getting tired process, or to the lack of desire do have to do work, and Chink Tim somewhat excessed the

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Belt 16 13 wine feelink. Did your freuk electric static charge worked on electron and magno- meter, we didn't get any performance at all on those three. First, from an instrumentation standpoint, we had - the switches were acceptable, even to me, I thought Ed was asleep when we had to turn those things on, I had to reach across with this thing we call the swivel stick which is about this long and has an unusually shaped end on it that we could reach under the switches and flick them on and off with it. Ed, did you see the... extend? No. It wasn't extended? No, it wasn't extended. Did you ever see the the back end, did you get far enough back to get to look in deep enough to see it? No. Did you hear it extend? No. I extended it the first time but I really didn't see it. Throughout the flight, what, - we probably - what did it cycle there, about. 5 times. Just, in ease thut. anyone time there wis something wrong with it, wouldn't, extend, would you attempt to extend it going through the extend eyele about. # or 5 times during the flight. duate in case something was wrong with it at any one time that it might. get. out. to it. We never retracted it, so, it if works, then nothing could have happened. When did you turn the switch oft? The... •switch.

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Belt 1& 13 8 As soon as it was extended, after about 30 seconds or so. What ever it said in the flight. 30 seconds. Have you got any data back on it yet? Seven on the computer. Any other questions on those three? What was the cost of the photography? The weather and marine photography. Did you skip MSC-10? Okay, 10. I would like to say we got some good pictures and I appreciate it. There again, it was a pretty straight forward experiment. We didn't have any difficulty with it. I've got a couple of questions about, the ES5. A couple of things that came up last night. You said - you know the systematic photo- graphy across the United States, every 5 seconds, how did you time that? Count, or clock or how? I started the event timer with the digital clock that we got in minutes and seconds, and then I controlled spacecraft and then I set, the mark every 5 seconds. I see, and lid cranked the camera on and took the pictures. Did the same subject, do you think that one mun could do this by himself. This is important, to the flight plan, do you think it Luken both men to do it.? I think so; it would be very difficult to time it and control the apacecraft as you take the pietures.

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Belt 13 9 I think you could get some degree of pictures, but I don't think that you could get the same set that you got. The set we lostin the southern part of Mexico, I believe I did one time when Jim was asleep, but it was not nearly as long a period and I think it was only probably about 12 pictures. This is shorter piece, but the country isn't very long. Yes. Well, were focusing it then Ed. Yeah, I just wanted to get it all set up ahead of time, and by the time we passed there we didn't change it a great deal. But on the pass that we made across the United States, it was, I think, most precisely held straight down, and we went much longer period of time and there were controls that were made, and to sit there and fiddle with the controller and time yourself and turn the camera and take the pieture, you can't do it as exact. as you can. Okay, I will put that in as a firmative request for my experiment if at all possible, have both pilots on the job. For any of your sequence pictures. Yeah. Those other ones, the target.... And of belt..

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Belt 14 0. K., I'm going to put that....address prefer request for my experi- ment if that, is at all possible to have both pilots on the job for any of your sequence pictures. Another one's Target of Opportunities if you don't need the controls..... .the ones that we've got you weren't all straightened out.... .....you don't necessarily pass over them, you know. The thing they want. to take a picture of is over here; it's best to take a pieture. You guys certainly have your eyes open, buy some of those things-- that volcano shot, that reshot strueture especially, that's really going to give us the mileage. Could you make a comment just on the general stability of the spacecraft, -pulsing and you stopped once, and you were wait- ing; how long did it take for rates to build up, for instance, how long could a fellow count on maybe pulling position in general? Whoever got the rates stopped I'd say it takes him a couple of days for him to get started. There's nothing to make them go except that rotating machinery which is practically nil..... Go, just a matter of the metal brenk with the jet......... But, you have to remember, though, as you get your rates all stopped, you're inertially fixed and the thing's rotating underneath you, so you're not stopped with the respect that what you want.... Forty degrees per minute....per second. In the same vein, do you notice any reactive motion in the space- craft when you're inside, when you disturb it, when you move around 2t, a112 I could feel lid moving around, but. whether I felt it moving around

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Belt 14 2 a... because he was actually moving the spacecraft or whether I felt it moving around because he was bumping it, either that, now I didn't move you really, but I'm sure that you quite felt some (stable?), so I don't know whether it was that kind of a thing I was feeling or whether it was the spacecraft effects. I don't....... You don't tend to......you don't, tend to pick up these motions Trom the spaceeraft...•• I remember several time: when I kicked into the footwell that you mintioned; you could hear that, but. I'm sure that was just some- thing that he heard, and that I didn't really disturb the motion of the spacecraft. What about the externally..... I mean, could you disturb..... Sure could. Sure could. Then you were aware that when he did it? I sure was. But I also knew it too. I knew the times when, when I kicked off hard on the spacecraft, so I...and this was the times that I wanted to get all. the way out to the end of the eutter, and that was the time that Jim remarked, one time when I really punched off it hard, and when he said, "Hey, you're putting rates of two degrees per second on the spaceerart.." Then I could read the.....•• I knew I win, when, you know, when you're sitting out on the end of the nose, and you kick down on it, it's going to move.

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Belt 14 3 • .....do you have any figures on what, the....used to stabilize the spacecraft... I used, uh, translation of bigger percentage than mine was. 'Cause you're only translating your. ......need some pictures, sir. Do what? .....Did you just fix yourself in one position.....? Yeah, that's kinda hard (for me) to nuy, a way to describe; but I used proportionally of the fuel that. I used, probably, three quar- ters of it, translating in about a forth of it just in the pitch and yaw maneuvers that were made, and I didn't try to take out roll..... and I didn't really (put in) very much roll; one time I called--I called out roll on my tape a couple of times, but pitch..... Could you....did you understant though that when he did these pitch and yaw maneuvers he wasn't trying to translate, he was actually just demonstrating that this could be done? Yeah, all I did was pitch a little bit. or yaw a little bit, yaw, do a little of this type of mineuvera with it, and to see if I could ahop it and put. in in so that. T didn't put all the motions in too. So it, wasn't. truly, I see what. Jim's driving at...that you don't want to say that. to translate from point. A to B is three quarters in translation, und a quarter in attilude. That's what you were wetting, right.? Yeah. Of my fuel that, I carry in the gun I probably use three quarters in Iranslation and a quarter in attitude, but you don't need very much

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Belt, 14 4 in attitude. One Lime I got pitched over backwards and I did use the gun to take that out, because I just didn't want to use the oxy- gen. One more quick question: .....some of the (numbers? members?) say that you were moving the structure about in a one-side configuration...... It's pretty big, but it very well has to be within your work area-- you know, in your suit, you're rather restricted on where you reach, you don't reach underneath and behind you especially, but out in front; if a guy would've handed me something that's big, I could've held it. Ten, twenty feet..... What? Ten feet? Ten, right, ten..• • Ten by ten sections....... Wait, now wait a minute, we're talking about smaller things right now. Ten by ten what? .... -Moving where? Do what with it? I couldn't move it an inch, because I wouldn't have anything to... how would I move it.? I'd go the other way it I moved it this way. -.....° ... Propulsion..... equal? No, I don't think this is un, it's not. what we were demonstrating with il.... I'm junt. saying, look nt. that..... Yeah. I see what. you're interested in. One thing you gotta be careful of... You pot a center of gravity that big thing you're talking about,

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Belt 14 5 and I don't know whal, happened--unter: I knew where that, wan I could really very well get pretty close. I knew where mine was. These things, these things are weightless up there but they're not baskets that fly away, once you get, these things going, you gotta stop them again, if you started pushing, if you had a... some means of proportion, you've got something like the sides of this table going, and if it hit that, wall down there, it'd go right through it. This is the general question I'm leaning at: Is it, well, I'm try- ing to get it...with the distinction that you can use it .....auto- matic tape stabilization..••••• You'd have the same problem with automatic stabilization that you .. would..... Sure. But with automatic stabilization you might, it would set down in fine (resistance to) the motion where with this thing you wouldn't... with a gun you, probably, would you know, how to find, you've gotta lind. • You mean, you have to find your automatic stabilization as soon as you've held on ton ten by ten box, it would stabilize you and it 1.00% Well, if you could still hold on, und so forth, it would start firing the stabilizer. Oh, and within limits of tis control...... Yeah, I think you would find out that. it wasn't designed to do that. bee, if you had a system that would strap to you... • .....It might. not be very much, though.

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Be1t. 14 6 Just. & second, Bob. You had a system that, wad atrapped to you that had automatic stabilization and translation of a person, well, than you've got the whole of a box or something that you were hold- ing when you were down in one corner of it. I'm sure that you would'nt have engouth stabilization control authority to handle the translation of something like that, because you're putting your engine... Well, it depends on his mans. Again you said it's mass. If it were magnesium bonds or something, then.... ... ....• •.• I think we're asking...... Yeah, well I know what we're talking bout--we're talking about building a space station. I'm as anxious to do that as the next guy, but this isn't quite what we looked into. I appreciate your question; we certainly have to fact up to it.... On-stabilization, uh, suppose you were trying to take off (both pic- tures) on Gemini, compared to Mercury..••• Would it take you what? Suppose you try to take one photo picture of the star, say three stars, uh, what do you think your sensitivity in terms of angular accuracy would be for, say, ten seconds or three seconds focus, angular-wise, but (who) took pictures of the horizon and...... changes four degrees per second. Oh, does that ...... to the dyed balloon? Well, it's a very special question on generalization, you know, you're moving, tround, how eun you, can you counteract the motion on the vehicle, for instance, the Gemini capsule .... to take stabilizer... Yeah, you'd have to, if you wunt to compare it with Mercuey stabilizer,

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Belt 14 7 you have to go back and get moment of impulse of the control system, then apply it to the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, and then do the same with the Gemini.... No, in this case he'd be moving a camera. Pardon? Move the camera to control the angle. Do you just hold it? You hold it, yeah. We could take them as well as you could in Mer- cury, according to how stable they tie it. It's quite possible that you could stabilize the spacecraft better than you could stabilize the..... Yeah, can you get that in the spacecraft...... Thank you. Un-huh. I would (use) the spacecraft to stabilize it... to hold it out the window, kinda hold it out the wondow, you have to, you don't have to move the stabilizer. The spacecraft is moving, that means that you've gotta, you have to move your hand at the, an opposite rate, or the opposite direction, the same rate that the spacecraft is moving, I don't think that you want to do that, because you've got a stabilizer thing in your hand holding it, what you would probably do is brace your hand up against the side of the spacecraft and take the picture, then you're going to get........ Yeah, you see we've got a site on the spacecraft (blastoff) that has a radical that you're going to light for night so with the minimum impulse that we have in the spacecraft, we could fix it on a star, 30

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Belt 14 8 and get a fixed attitude stabilized in this manner. It would pro- bably be rather.. ... (unstable?) I have the feeling it would be very stable. Some of our section sitings over there, particularly when we were working on the Apollo siting, where I was keeping a certuin fixed two stars on a certain location on my window, and Jim just, doing it over there with pulses..... He didn't have the radical on.... Ile had the radical on. On, yeah. -.... ... You were well within a degree taking a few minutes of oxygen. You can hold it within a degree or a quarter of a degree. You can get the exact answer to this if you just analytically.... Do you have the data? No, I can't quote it to you off-hand. It's not in the order of hun- dreds of degrees per second. My overall impression was that we were more stable that I thought we would be when we wanted to stabilize. ....We've looked at our agenda here, and it's got some general questions in the end, get a good stabilization study going.... That's fine, were there any more questions on the terrain photography? I've got a question. Can a fellow, you know, look at the movies and ace if we got any terrain on there? Youh, ts a matter of fact, I got the impression from what you showed tus yesterday afternoon, that. there's quite a bit of terrain. And also some of the 55-millimeter films. Yeah. Did you know there were some pietures taken outside of the window

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Belt 3.4 of the 35-millimeter? Uh, yeah, ...• Most of them are, I think, blocked, because we have to be over the water, but, if I'm not mistaken, on the little bit I just caught a look, there might be some land bands. Oh, yes, as a matter of fact, you got three or four, uh, they're toward the end of that box of 35-millimeter slides. It shows spectular structures probably, they weren't laken outside, they were over Asia somewhere but they were really nice. Those definitely should be blown up, also the movies. We did take a lot of movies of the clouds. We did just, a couple of times, just turn the thing on. We weren't going to take movies around us of things that were still, and wanted - to get a big structure of the......area, so I took some over the Pacific, on the - up over the northern Pacific between Hawaii and the United States, about 3, 4, or 5 minutes. We took a lot of ocean movies.... Was there ever any question in your mind as to whether or not you were looking at clouds, did you always get..... maylight. Daylight and nighttime. Daylight, there is never any doubt. At night time it is kind of hard to see the ground. One question from the pictures, it did not appear to be too ground, bat were you able to be conscious of haze or dust layers, say over your deserts, or even over pollution areas of cities and so forth. Were you conscious of seeing the industrial pollution or the dust?

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Belt 14 10 Over North Africa a couple of times we commented on dust storms, although they weren't really dust storms? We weren't sure that was a dust storm, right. Remember I said that is a .., and then we said well maybe not. It wasn't a dust storm as you would see it from an airplane where you see the wind blowing on or prior to the desert. We decided it wasn't a dust storm, just a dusty haze. Over North Africa. Over North Africa. Over north India there was quite a pronounced haze redorded. I would way you were, far less conscious of it. In fact, a rather interesting thing, it's - on one of our first passes over the Cape I was looking on talking to the Cape at that time, I told them I could look down and see the Cape, launch pads, and everything was quite clear. But in fact, the weather down there was not clear at all. Some of the fellows were leaving at that time to go back to Houston, knd the visibility was very, very low. You could see a mile something and it was all quite..... We could see straight. down but. we couldn't see the hangover at all. Another queution, did you ever - Gordon Cooper noted that there was static on his radio the same time when he saw lightening dis- charge on the ground. lad you - did you get any static that you might have correlated with being near disturbed weather on the ground? This is sort of a chance observation if you made it. No, I don't think I did. No, I didn't either. We was a lot of lightening.. We - we had no...

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Belt 19 This was a sort of a chance observation. No, I wouldn't suy that I did . ... ••• • I guess you would call it but you couldn't. . . it didn't at any rate. Did you notice the. • with the flash if lightning . . There was an awful lot of lightning.. Sure was, South Amerien and . . . Any more coverage on the water photography? Yes. • • on atmospherie phenomena. . . Did you feel as though you would have time to study them instrumentally? I mean from the time that they come into view until they pass out of view? Did you go through the exercise with the instrument - let's say a hand-held spectrometer or . • • • Did I phrase the question? I think so . . . • • • • ••••••••• but I'm not sure of the duration that your studies require. That's my problem - I was trying to get some feel as to the duration that you had something in sight. Does this. . . reduce the phenomena... where you'd fly along in regard to what the weather was and you'd suy 0. K., nt 5 minutes after eleven I'm gonna do a spectrometer study und then you'd set the thing up and nt 5 minutes after ll, you would start it or is it something where you would any - When I pass over this fungus. . . that's been reported to be 29 miles north of Tripioli - I'm poing to study. • • • which of these things are . . . • -...

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Belt 15 2 You see the big problem is finding these things. In looking For objecte on the wround and things like that you just don't find them 500 miles in front of you. How about something in the sense of a target of opportunity? You see it without advanced warning. I would think you'd have on the order of a minute or 80 seconds maybe to study it if you have your (equipment) already mileaged if you wanted to look at it you've got to aim the spacceraft as it, say. Aimine the spacceraft at. it is not difficult. If you've got a field to do il, you can track right on a point. It you suy a thunderstorm, say, off to your left, you could maneuver the spacecraft around there and just keep pointing at it as it went by. About how many miles would 60 secons - 80 seconds - . . Well of course 25° down . . . ... 45° down - That's about 80 seconds. • • That's 80 seconds, roughly. That's right. For the (normal) altitude Go, you ean figure that out in milen, but- T've got a whole set of data if you want it for various altitudes on just this type ol* (answer). You've provided enough- And I think you can probably see it from the go down below the horizon down - you might be rible to start seeing these things I think you eun ret a reil good fecling for it if you'd take a look at some of the tracking film on which we looked for an object on the ground,

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Belt 15 3 found. the objeet, and then tracked it all the way. And as soon as they get that film and put the pieces in to make it - it's a sequence camera - it's not a real movie camera - as soon as they put the pieces in and in- sert the extra frames so it is in such a movie camera, I think you can get a real idea of exactly how long you can see. So if you know how much re- quirement you have as fur no using your instrumentation is concerned, you can tell. exetly whether you can or what kind of measurements you can make. Then you can also theoretically figure it out, too. The bis problem is to identify the object.. • If you're looking for a specific object, a certain thunderstorm or the northeast corner of the Red Sea or something, that means that you don't - you're not going to be able to pick it up and aim the spacecraft at it 30° below the horizon. You re going to have to wait awhile. You're probably not going to get it picked out 'til later, so that your time on the target is going to be less. Of course, you know the range is changing very rapidly. That thing is below you - say it's right below your track. When you first see out of that 45° it's goins to be roughly 200 miles nway and if you pass over 16'J1 be 200 miles nway. So that the range in essentially doubling. If you're interested in something that. requires anything like a constant range, I don't know exactly how you'd do that. This is a problem that you- Dr. • • Tet me try to rephrase that question. ... • although I think it was answered in the seeing those movies yesterday... • you were tracking, T think my answer to it was a yes, but let me rephrase the question about 36

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Belt 15 4 these targets of opportunity. Let's take the airglow for a moment here. There's the night airglow, the twilight glow, and the day glow. Now there are no . ... . . of day glow. That would take (perhaps a) second exposure, and you know where to look the next time around, and (you can do that forever.) The twilight airglow might take 10 seconds to get. . . . . . . . • • • And the night sirglow you would want maybe 4 minutes. Now how do you feel about if that were programmed in with proper spectographs? Either hand- held or on the capsule. How do you feel about it? Taking a one-second exposure of the dayglow, a 10-second exposure of the twilight glow, and a 4-minute exposure of the nightglow. You're moving all the time, but the phenomena are pretty much the same during that period. One second's no problem for us. Four minutes, you might have to be a little blurry. I think you could probably, if you tried enough, you could probably get a 10- second . . . . • • Four minutes- Well of course the spectograph can ... ... . . the time to permit a fair umount of motion, too. You'd get something on the- Schirma might have been nible to take twilight, day, and night airglow. If the spectograph could. stay in orbit, the person would have to go back in. Do chortly after that, the experiment was tried in a rocket and the rocket stabilization wis a problem, too. With timing after four minutes, the exposure one did get the spectogriph because the thing was able to point in this direction even though it did wobble a little bit. I wouldn't think you'd wint to hand-hold a l-minute one, I'll tell you

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Belt 15 5 that- No, no. You'd have to be spacecraft-modern. You could get the rates down low and you could- 0. K.- You could certainly hold it within a half a degree. But now your half-degree- You'd have half-degree tones within the spacecraft •• (I think that would do it). That's all right. You can build in a certain amount of smear (so you can get a very good day). Wait n second - Let me ask you another thing. What is the airglow that you're looking at now. How will you look at this? Where abouts is it going to be? Well, it will be at the horizon, or a degree or two above it. I know, but you see, you're looking at - the horizon behind you is gone donw - by very fast. The airglow is essentinily - if you're looking at a different piece of the airglow - not the horizon at a certain spot. Now sure you going to look behind you ind look at continually changing airglow or look in front of you and see a continually changing airglow or are you roing to try and look out at night in viewpoint and try to pick up a piece of airplow and beek • • ... • That'on very good question. I would any one would be very satisfied to pay the integrated aspect it's moving. One should also try the other experiment. Ha Ha Ha. I didn't mean that I didn't think of your experiment, Dr. I didn't mean to complain. Part of the prome. yogurti

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Belt 15 • airlow over lichted prem, I think that that would be more ensily done than trying to track a certain spot in the airglow because that means that if your flight path is this way, you've got to aim the spacecraft over here and then you've got to track it along like this. It would seem to me that it's easier to just put it some place and hold it there. MM-hmm. And especially from the pilot's standpoint when you've got a gunsite or something like it. . . . • • maintain that spacecraft essentially wings level with . . • and if the pitch attitude's proper, you don't have to worry about the translation aeross the . . . . . . This is a question on both 5 und 6. In terms of pre-warned subjects, like the • •***•• • • these storms, and this nort of thing. A lot of pre-warned subjeets. To your eye, how far below the horizon could you feel you could pick up say a weather phenomenon. Now you're not looking through the atmosphere at something in the atmosphere. Do you feel you could see say 10° below the horizon? Can you come up with some estimate there. If you're pointed head essentially try the plane towards it so it's in your window. Wouldn't this depend upon what the phenomenon was- .. • .... • • • covered a 1000 miles on the side - lit's make it more 100 miles on the side - I'd be able to see that at 10° below the horizon. IP it, were te line of thunderstorms, I think probably 20 or 30° • If you're looking for some of the things that we were looking for at 30° 37

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Belt 15 7 below the horizon, I thought that was n good place to look for amll ob- Jeeto. When we ohy small objecte, they have to have large identifying fea- tures near them; maybe if we're going to start looking for something like the - ....... .. . (could be a cloud) -the Red Sea . • .... 30° below the horizon, I think you could probably start picking it up. This is below the apparent horizon. This is below the local horizontal. Right. As to water and land you sny it may be 20 to 30°. As for clouds, perhaps about the same, or maybe further up? A little further up. Further up. To tell the difference between a storm and just a sheaf that's so far off that you can't tell if i's just a sheaf of clouds or is it honestly a storm gathering. You see as you get farther out there, O below the horizon. • - when you're Lookine like that you don't know the difference. One degree either side covers 100'g of miles, so if you get right down below you one degree either side only covers a couple miles. to, if you get too close to the hori- son, you're renily not confining any point out there.- The point is, if I set up for say 30° or 20° below the horizon, would that be a good place to give a man a value on to set up? I think 200 would be (ensier, yes. ) I think 200 would be ensier. 30°г More than Lint.

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Belt 15 8 You just enn't differentinte in what you're looking at. Well you see we're playing a game here between giving you enough time to get on it so you're on it when you get there and at the same time not so far that it's wasting time. Really to me you're not wasting time at all when you tell me where to start even if you start me way out. To tell you the truth, I want to start looking as soon as I- o. K. I'll tell you all this though, if you're just going to give one time- No. That's no good. Which time would you like, now? I was talking- If you're going to give them multiple times, you know, start early and just continue out, but if you're just going to give one time, then I'a say 30° 30° Or 20° maybe, but no closer to the horizon. From the earth's horizon. That's about 45 half the horizontal, or some- thing like that. It's about s . • • 20. No. -...... No Bir, 1t sure ion't. More ribout, a minute and a half. Then he goes. You've got to get a man on it early enough to have the same kind not to throw all your weight fields picking round and wait for it for a long time.

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Belt 19 ...... ... • your real key, though is the first time you look at it it's pretty hard to find it. As soon as you've gone by it once, maybe missed it once, the next time you come through, you can give it up there at 10° if you want. You know exactly what you're looking for and you know what's coming before and you go right up to it and get a . Cause you're saying about 30 to do that or 45 down from the horizon for terrain and perhaps a little further up for wether. ... • 10° further up for weather on a firat-on a chunce basis target of opportunity. I just wanted to ask you that in your - part Il of this - under the great and under the terrial - what is the ground altitude that you took 4 shots with the pitch down - I don't know if both of you were up or not. You pitched down and you fired a thruster as a preliminary to the experi- ment on the rediacal light to see how much the thruster flame would and could interfere with the target. I was just wondering what you actually observed on the . . . . . . • Any brightness of the thruster and so forth and if it could have any effect on the target. I haven't found a photograph yet. Well on something like, you'd better renlly get over there and look for them because they're going to turn out balck and your polaroid probably Isn't going to print them. Yeah, that's probably why we haven't seen them. They're in the black-and-white roll, aren't they? Yes. They were in the black-and-white roll. • document out on the tape.

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Belt 15 10 The document out on the tape and T think that's probably the part where the trpe . . . . I believe it's in the book there, Tim. Do you recall how they came out? You could see . . . . . . light or . . Oh, no. No. It's in the same ball park, but the diagonal light that we saw maybe once or twice. You looked like you saw it once, and . • • • You did see it once. Well, we thought we did from what we'd been briefed up to . Did you draw a picture of it yesterday? Yeah. I could comment. We talked quite a bit about this after the GT-3 flight and I know Gus and John both had quite a bit to say about it if you want to check the notes on it. You mean on the- On the bright thrusters, yeah. Wait a second. I think they may have been talking a lot about the re-entry control system. No. No. No. Do you know what caused you to see it? Was it reflected off the space- craft or was it an aurn of glow somewhere around- A glow from behind. You're just seeing that section of the glow that comes your way. Now - Is it primary or secondary low. Was it particles themselves . . . to the light, or you think reflections off the particles that were round? I don't think you could tell. It was so dim, you couldn't tell. Did you discuso yesterday particles of space and . . . . . . . . . .

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Belt 16 I don't think you could help - - You discussed yesterday particles of space junk? Yes we did, do you have any particular question? T would like to have the information later though. We.. what was your question? T was just curious about the amount, of junk you had about the space- craft. From the spacecraft? Well, from the spacecraft and also the amount in the spacecraft? From the spacecraft. I am not talking about any strange particles that appeared..... And also, when you were outside the spacecraft, whether you could keep any geometry of any junk off the spacecraft? Particular the spacecraft angle of view. No, thie spacecraft only. I didn't see any - - Yon didn't see any particles - - Intellites or particles floating around. I saw the glove float. off. It was a definite. But, it was not small particles floating off the spacecraft? There were all kinds. Kut you have no geometrical picture of these when you were outside the spaceeral't. T Chink they float. in all directiona. When you dump the urine, you loves a show Atorm ont. there. T. in mally beautiful. Snow flakes

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Belt 16 2 all over. Millions of them. And it doesn't make any difference which way they are going but you can see them come off by the window and they look like they are going off spherically, from what you can see. Now maybe they are not going out the back, but I doubt that. Did you see them at any other time? Glenn mentioned that he had seen them, ice crystals, they weren't associated with such situa- tions as this - You see a crystal or two go by every once in a while. You know, I think that these are associated with systems in the spacecraft. The exhaust! Yes, we've got a water cooler und the water separator and the suit loop pumps in the water and the evuporator, and there are things going overboard. I think that it might be pretty obvious that they're from the space- craft. They are going away generally. I think a point that Jim made, and I think I've made it clear, but maybe not, that they were actually going small end forward, actually, the first, time we were going front, end forward quite a bit, and it looked like the streamlines were going back, and you thought, well, that. is the way it ought. to go, there is a little bit of flow. But severul timed we got. ground to going small end torward and the stream- line tind the Little particles were going equally as well this way. So, I know that this is a theory that some people had that there is enough particles even in a very reduced flow area to cause a stream- Line but apparently not. Gordon Cooper said he thought. that he could use it as a yaw refer- once if he had to, perhaps.

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Belt 16 3 The particles coming out, the back. But then we saw that he could absolutely could not use it as a yaw reference. They were going straight forward. Any way you were going, they were always flowing with you, and it was there were two urine dump systems on the spacecraft, one dumped out the right side and one dumped out. tie left, side. The one on the right. side you could see out the right window and they would eventually come on the left side and you could see them out both win- dows. Predominantly on the right side. When you dumped from the left side, it was predominate on the left side. They always appeared to be spherical. You could look out, and they were going straight - you know you would look out and they were going straight up this way. They were very brilliant. As a matter of fact, the prettiest. sight. of the whole flight was - you'd do this right a sunset and you would have a perfectly black sky with all these - with the sun shining on all these particles. ft, was real pretty. What, were your thoughts regarding purticipating in the coordinated ground-spacecraft experiment where something hus to be done on the ground concurrently with your - doing something else, from the spacecrufi.. You mean one more participant? I think you would be able to do something like that. You mean laying out patterns on the pround for visual. a hurricane or somethin such as that where

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Belt 16 4 you would visually, you would observe something down below you. We were essentially doing something like that on our flight - on our flight plan, and we didn't follow it exactly. We were getting information from the ground on when to do certain things. We were essentially doing that. They told us when we were coming over Carla, a hurricane, and the hurricane nume, give accounts of the extensive eloud areas. It was anfortunate at that time though; there were no characteristic clouds that characterized a tropical storm. There was just a big structure of cloud mass, we took some pictures of it. They don't give you the circulation that you would like to see, but they can tell you - this is what we did on the ground tracking too, they told us where to look to pick up certain targets. We did, we picked up the targets. We did the same actually with getting into the anomaly. We had requested position versus altitude. We had to change time and run ours down a little bit. As a matter of fact, we got orbit tracked up there which we couldn't really do a great deal with our own selves because the orbit track had time check right along it and we could independently know at a time when we were coming over an object of interest on the ground. id, did you experience any difficulty in operation of the...... cameru? llow to erect the camera. I believe we might have. I am not, sure whether we had one or two difficulties with it. When we - I brought the camera back in and rave it lo dim, he suid it wus set. on about...... Not. when you handed it. to me some Lime later. 47

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Belt 16 5 Some time later, but we don't know whether we got gimmied around in the spacecraft or whether it was my big fat handed glove I turned the wheel and actually turned it about - you have to turn it this way to find out what you turned it to and I am afraid - of course I held it this way and I could have done that with the hand on the clock. So, this might be one source of error which would have been due to the operation of it. Another one though, that we had prior to the time that continuous taking pictures, the inside shutter doesn't back - doesn't open - so you drop the front shutter all you want and you get a black frame and we got quite a weries of black frames on the film. But this may be a mechanical problem that we had, as far as operating the camera, the mounting of the camera on the gun itself, made it difficult to operate. The same thing, if you had a camera that was 3 foot wide and one and one-half foot long it would be harder to operate. I realize that. I noticed that in one of your shots from the space- craft, you had a white smeur in the print.. Now, is that one you: experienced also during your training period? The white sneur. I believe in the picture Jim took of the window, and it. had that, smear on the window. No, this was in the print. itself. You know the one I an referring 1,0 • Yes, the one you took right right front nose straight into Jim's window. Is this the one with the white symetrical streak all the wuy across the window. That's right. There are 2 Primes.

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Bolt 16 We are not sure what they are at all. There is a symmetrical one on each one of them. Well, it goes back across the film, about 90 degrees. Is it straight? Straight, it's a pretty, the same width all the way across. To might be my helmet, tie-down strup. No, this was a different exposure on both sides. This is particular too, because the exposure goes all the way across the film. You........... It is not within the frame itself. So there is a peculiarity there. With respect to the black frame, the people have looked at it and they don't think this is a mechanical problem. It is an exposure problem most likely. We are investigating it further. I also, was tulking to some people on the cameras on it and they telt thnt it was an image of some type with the brightness out there, even if you are shooting at about 200 feet. It wouldn't be black. There would be an image there you could bring it out. Are these things really black, or is there anything on it? Well, I don't know. We just. held it up like this and looked down, und that is about all we have done too, Jim. I don't think - That is the only way I have and I couldn't see anything. E haven't run a good detailed study yet. But as bright as ib is out, there, just remember the, it was my visor, I think I had about, 8 percent. of light coming through which i: about t normal type or light for me. It is really bright out there. E don't see how, even at. a 1000; because with the recommended

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Belt 16 7 setting I think is about 500 that you would have some type of an underexposed something you can see... I think so. Our measured success of that camera hasn't been high. I'm afraid every time we used it, it failed. Of course, we are getting a lot of these things, but when we go to trace them down, we can't really tie them down. Well, I can tie down about 3 times for you. When the film in the altitude chamber in exactly that mode, the shutter doesn't fall, That is, the mirror in the back doesn't fall. It's got a handle on that one and he discovered the reason for it. They had this camera back at MeDonnell right now. The one we had on the flight. The one we had on the flight and they are looking at it to see if there were any of those kind of event frames, that they found. Is that the one - - No, the problem that they found in the altitude chamber was a bent part. But they don't know how it got bent, they don't know what made it. bend, but they are going to look at this camera to to see if there were any of those kinds of frames apparent. I think what. is also interesting to me. I remember looking in the Film und it. looks Tike the film I saw has a lot of sequence. It looks Like they put two rotls together. Yeah, I could Figure out, the sequence. I could look at the roll of the original sequence and I think we could almost tell if we had a camera failure or we had an exposure Failure. Because the exposure failure, you had it, from then on

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Belt 16 8 your pietures would be black and muybe if you had a random failure of the mirror back there it might take a picture sometime, sometime not. The back plate - there were exposures on almost every frame. There weren't these, I guess a fairly large number of frames that were black. Were the trames intermittently that were black on these? No, no, thut, I recall. I looked - I didn't look at all of them - but I looked at a fairly good string of them and there were a couple of them, one or two points, one point where there is a small overlap in the frame, but that is about the only problem that we found on the black and white. Well, are there exceptions in the color that are black? In the color, yes. There are. I think this is - - I don't know - - There is no indication that you gol a random failure in the mirror then? kight, you see we are applying this on GT-5. Three experiments and we ure kind of concerned about that. I think you should be renlly. Vid you see dust particles floating out the cabin when you had the hutch open. If you did, what floated out? Yes, we did see dust particles, there was dust floating from the inside 10 the outside, I think they ure just going from a high pressure area Loa. Jow pressure aren.. Just obvions. Kight, my suit pedals lad a lend rate of about. 90 cc's......

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Belt 16 9 Anyway, my suit leaked, they all do you know so that there is getting something on the inside, also, we had a lot of things in there that were probably outcast. Also, the insides were dirty. I don't agree with that. There was a definite flow of particles from the inside to the outside. liow did you get the glove outside. I think that may have - - No, the glove wasn't put out, it went out by itself. I can't say for sure that anyone hit it, but there is something very interesting that unless you see it, it never dawned on me before, but we had some periods of time where lid was asleep and I didn't have much to do, so I fooled tround with what things do in zero & and I almost had a perfect conservation of energy until you release an object and push it off in a certain direction, it continued to ricochet around the spacecraft until it catches onto a lever or it gets wedged in something, but it doesn't seem like when you drop a ball on the ground it goes boom, boom, boom, boom, and finally stops, it is kind of like that. It keeps going - - - If you take something and spin it, it will just stay there and spin. I took one of the Food brugs we had which were about this long and about that wide and very thin and I would just. spin it like that and it would just slay there and spin. Witti no decrease in - essentially no decrense in flotation rate. Another indication I observed, I had a piece of metal that was screwed onto the instrumentation panel that had a round disc with a loop in it and then it had a chain link dewitt and then there was another chain link dewitt, and that

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Belt 16 10 chainlink was screwed onto the instrument panel, so that there really was - the metal a link, then another fixed link, and there were, we had a fan in our suit loop, and you could feel that inlet valve underneath the instrument panel, and I really shouldn't be very much air going through there because you only blowing just u small portion of the air from the cabin and mixing it with all the small air or oxygen in the suit itself, so you just sort recir- culate a little bit of air from the cabin and mixing it with mostly air from the suit and it just so happened that I noticed the parti- cles within the spacecraft tended to flow down and you could get a redefinite streamline fell through my leg and this metal was mounted junt. above that, but up against the flat panel so that the...... End of tape. 52 a

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Belt 17 1 and the Spacecraft tended to pull down to here the redefinite streamline down through my legs and this metal was mounted just above that, but up against a flat panel so that the ballad of the panel is here and the metal is mounted up in here. And I watched that thing start into motion. Really, I'd just touch it and it would start loffing. It would loff over like this and bounce up like this. And it went on for - one time I timed it for over 20 minutes and other times for as long as 30 minutes - and the only thing that ever stopped it from this continuous motion - this loffing back and forth - was a piece of gawkroll that we had glued on underneath it and every once in a while it had an edge on it like a nickel or a dime where it essentially came off like this and every once in a while I'm sure that that edge got stuck in the gawkroll, but it never, ever stopped unless it got stuck in the gawkroll. And the same kind of thing could have happened to the glove. It might have been put in motion in the spacecraft and then just I wasn't looking at it AND it coula have been ricocheting around inside the spacecraft for a long time and it finally went off. The same thing applies to your strap. • • 1.e.• I think what you ought as far as a flowout of spacechart is concerned, there's a tremendous example of it in the first part of the film. on: my helmet tied-on strap. It's definitely taking exactly the path of the flow - comes up, goes out, and arches over, and if you recall, the glove came out and followed exactly that path. It came up and out, arched over, and went right out the right side of the spacecraft over the top of the . . .

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Belt 17 2 It continued right on out. You can see there was a fair amount of sun in and out of the cockpit. Quite a bit. You could see all the dust particles. You can count the streamline on the way out. Maybe we'll have a touch on these last two experiments and then come back if there - just to make we touch on all the . . . . . . the radiation experiment inside the cabin. Is there any comment or question that •• that this was the little ball. Right. Ed White, why don't you comment on that? Yeah, this is a fairly straightforward experiment in which I'm sure the people responsible that are familiar with it. It was a measuring device in which we measured the spacecraft radiations for l-minute periods of time at 6 different spots of the spacecraft and this we did at prescribed times during the flight. A very straightforward experiment. That's all the background (up to) this morning. Are there any questions about it? The last one was the Hangdella Sexon experiment . . . • • We covered this in great, great detail yesterday, and. I don't . . • Did anybody brief on that experiment? I think it would be better if y'all asked questions on it because if we went through it, it would take about three hours. Does anybody have any questions about it? No, I think we got a very good thorough field for it yesterday when we went through it in detail. That leaves the visual observations. Yes. And I know you went through that yesterday and I listened carfully. That's right. We won't have to -

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Belt 17 3 And I personally asked Glen, Cochran, Schirra, and Cooper if they say a meteor and they all said negative. And then you both said you saw a meteor. No, a falling star. Ha Ha. I think there's a difference between what we say and what we were expected to see as far as meteors are concerned. Are you talking about micro-, eteorites striking the- No, I'm talking about meteors in the atmosphere. 0. K. Below. O. K. Below we saw them. Little ones. Ah, little ones. Yes. Now, one of the obvious situations is that you said you said a 7th magnitude star. So probably your visual sensitivity was better than another observation. The window was better or something. Is that it? Did you make a count of the number of the- Wait a minute. What are files you use success? Well, if you have poor visual sensitivity, then the number of meteors observable drops off very quickly with the sensitivity of the eyes. You see, 10th magnitude, you could see a lot more meteors in the atmosphere than you can if you . . . . . • 2nd magnitude. And the question arises How many do I exceed . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • 2nd order of meteors. Yeah. They were 2nd order meteors and -

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Belt 17 4 They were quite bright. 0. K. You saw only bright ones. About how many did you see? About how often did you see any? Could you have made a count of them and said, "Let's look at meteors for awhile"? Yes, we could have. Could you have sat down there and counted them all off as you say them and give them relative attention? You see, I hesitate to give you a number because I think that if we did, you'd tend to come to the wrong conclusion because we weren't looking out of the windows at night all the time. No. Quite often we had things to do inside and we turned the lights up and never even looked out . . . . . . Oh, you weren't dark enough, is that it? No, we already were looking out. We were attempting to look out and we couldn't see out because we had the lights way up and, first, we were working at the window, and secondly, if we were we couldn't have seen. So if we give you a number, make sure that you don't say that, O. K., we say 15 meteors in four days and therefore they're going to see . . . . . and that's not right. No. 0. K. But beesuse. - If you want a number, I saw probably between 10 and 20, but again 1 wasn't looking out all the time. No, so you really weren't looking for a meteor, right? No, we sure weren't. And you have to remember, also they occur in a rather uninteresting place.

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Belt 17 5 They don't occur up in the heavens, they occur down below you. This is the area that you spend a great deal of time looking at in the night. You're looking up at the stars. We came to the conclusion that you looked at the ground in the daytime, you looked at the horizon starting at night, and if you were looking some- where else, you really didn't see much. You find out that sky, in the daytime you don't see anything- I was just curious whether it would be worthwhile to spend a little bit of time looking sort of at the ground close to the horizon and trying to count meteors in terms of finding out what - I'm sure we could. Getting a count on. It occurred quite low down... ... ... You looked down at 30° and there'a be meteors; at 45° there'a be meteors. Obviously well below you. Did they look any different from shooting stars from a balloon? The thing that I noticed about them is that they were short and I think this is probably because you're looking at them from above and the angle - the length of them - of short, and you're seeing them as they come down through the atmosphere from above and so you see a line that's lonly that long from above. Up there it's only that long, and then when you look at them from down below you see them come all the way down and they appear to me- They're probably microscopic. The random slope direction. Sometimes they're real little tiny short ones and- And I think the short ones would more be an indication that they were very dim ones, because the dimmer the meteor, the shorter the trail. Well that seems reasonable. Indesa pouter 19

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Belt 17 6 But what you're looking at right here then if it was dark. To tell you the truth, I think what's more important is the angle that you're looking at them at. Well anyway, we did see a lot of them. And they're not difficult to see. And I don't think we were looking at anything that approaches a 7th magni- tude meteor. You see we could see- Well, I was just curious whether this was the reason why the ... . . Much brighter than that. I didn't see any real dim ones. As a matter of fact, since we weren't looking for them, you know, we wouldn't have seen them. You look up there and you say "I wonder what magnitude star I can see" and you look around and you say "O. K., I know that's a 3rd magnitude and that's a fifth and then I see that one over there is dimmer than the fifth and that one's evan dimmer so that eventually you come to the conclusion that maybe you can see 7th magnitude ....... I saw those because I was looking for them and I could come to that conclusion, but I never looked out at them to see how dim a meteorite - I was only seeing the ones that I was attracted to while I was looking for something else. So that might be a nice thing to (ask) on the next (flight) • Well, if you looked out for them, you probably could see a lot dimmer ones. Dr. - general question or something?

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Belt 17 7 Do you remember on your consumption of oxygen . . . -... • You shouldn't ask. That's a hard one for me to answer. I know what the flow into the suit was and- Look, somebody might have given you the . • .... I don't believe that you could get that figure because you see it was an open roof system and- What's not used goes right on. In fact, not only that, it comes in at a fixed rate and it goes right over the sides. You can't get that when you're fueling. Did you come across any unusual problem outside the vehicle that you didn't expect? No. Here's one you may not want to comment on. Do you have any comments to make in regard to the capability of putting man aboard and hide inside the vehicle, the satellite without actually. • ? Doing what? Putting a man aboard . . . . . . . . You mean go over and take a look • • • Sure. That's one of the reasons we're doing this. You think it's perfect. Pull up along side of it and go over and take a look at it. (You don't foresee any unusual problems, do you?) No. ••••••• . • the tumbling (mold)? Excuse me? Even if it's in the tumbling mold? You're going to use some good judgment about what you do as far as going

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Belt 17 8 • . It's the same kind of problem we have associated with the booster. We spend quite a bit of time ahead of time trying to determine exactly how much of the tumbling booster we could plan to go up and take a look at and we finally came to the conclusion that it was up to the pilot's good judgment to approach the booster using his own judgment on it. There just wasn't a way to put a handle on it - well it's tumbling so many de- grees and out of plane and you can go or you can't go. I think if you see it, you'll know whether you can or you cantt. Is the problems connected with the difficulties in closing the hatch unidentified? They're working on those, I think. I'm not sure that they completely completed the case. I was asked to find out whether we have some lubricants in the very close cauldrons was contributed? I think that kind of information should come from the systems people who have done a lot of work on it. ... . .....• .. Yes, I think . . . . . ... ••••••••• ........... Are there any other general questions? Yes, I have one. In your effort to photograph specific objects on the ground, what kind of siting devices - did you use optical siting? Did you try at any time to use the reflex viewing arrangement of the 35 mm? uh siting device? For siting? yes. We looked out through it but it was mounted in such a manner that you 60

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Belt 17 9 couldn't do any more than look out. You couldn't aim at a particular point and correct for- No, because it amounted to looking over this way and then controlling the spacecraft back that way. In addition to that, you had up and down, which is worse. A reduced . . . . That's the reason I asked the question. I wondered if you had used that particular thing and whether it was useful. You could see what you were looking at, yes, but, controlling a space- craft, no. I think you could have made a little near - actually got around to that part of it... • you did the first time. But if you wanted to take a picture of s specific object, and one person was controlling the spacecraft and the other person was going to take the picture, he could take the pictures when he saw them in the viewer. . . . . • control the spacecraft too it would be a - One other point is how accurately do you think you can point a photo-system with the optical site? Certainly with + a half a degree. Plus or minus half a degree. Probably less than that. Maybe on the order of a quarter. Do you have a picture of the site again? No, we don't. There's a difference between the open bars on the site. Do you havt to go, Bill? No, I don't. I can give you a better answer if you come and ask me in a day or two

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Belt 17 10 when I get a little - let me look at the site again. There's . . • visual observations. Excuse me. Let me answer one more. Have you seen the tracking film? No. Look at that - you could probably . • ..• putting a grid on a screen. I could show you what I was using as the targe. You could - • feel the view that you got - that you're looking at. Knowing the field you know, I'm sure you could calculate exactly what you can do. Exactly what you can do. That's the second thing I want to ask Dr. White about - comments of fields of view. You went outside the spacecraft and then you had a wider field of view. Yesh. How would you describe the difference in field of view in terms of your visual sensibility in looking at the lemo. Any problems about that? Oh, golly. It's like looking out the bathroom window versus looking out the front windo, out a pieture window, which is like going to a movie theatre where you have a little film there and then going to one of these wide-screen ones. You have to turn your head to see it all. Did you find the space plate quite adequate? Well, I said you have to turn your hend to see it. Could like you see then the whole horizon? Did you find any differences

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Belt 17 11 ALonp, the horizon? You can see the curvature in the horizon when you're just looking out the window of the spacecraft. And then when you're looking out there you see- 0. K. then, you could compare one part of the horizon to another to look for variations. Yes. In daylight. Yes. You could see a great deal of the horizon out the window . . . Did it look all the same - uniform - or did you find any variations? No, I didn't. It looked just the name - like three more pieces of dough . What about stars in the daytime? I didn't see any outside. And I didn't specifically try to chaff myself to do that. •..... ... • • scattered light . . . . . . . ... -... It was very bright out there and I even looked in the shaded areas which weren't shaded deed shade but behind the door, places like that. Were Cooper and. Schirra in the daytime? Saw a dayelow.

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Belt 18 1 a • deep shade, behind the door, places like that. Were Cooper and Schirra in the daytime? Sort of date-low. Could you see that also? What did they describe as the basis? They......the sky had a brightness to it.. .. above them. And when Cooper woke up, he was mostly in the daytime. He (noticed) out on the window he knew it was daytime right away. ... Ha Ha Ha. I could tell by up and down... ........ I tell ya, I wouldn't be uh I would hesitate that there was actually phenomena like day glow because it might be uh.... You could lilk out the window and whether you're at night or in the daytime. But it may (not) have anything to do with what's out there. It might not have anything to do with the spacecraft. You've got two windows, anyhow. You can tell whether you're.. There's more to it than that. You know you've got a big long nose

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Belt 18 sticking out on that spacecraft; and if the sun is shining on that nose, you know darn well it's based on it. Also the light on the nose is reflected back into the windows gives you a light. And there's a lot of things outside that window that give light to your eyes. We found that there was a flim on (the cone?) that gave light to your eyes. There are so many things around there that would give you a clue. You could indeed be placed out into a.....if you tilk that same spacecraft and I knew there wasn't anything outside, no dayglow, just nothing but an absolutely black sky up there, shining light on the spacecraft, I would get the impression that I was in the daytime. I hesitate to lead you down the wrong path..... Did you see stars in the daytime from inside the spacecraft? At sunset and sunrise that you couldn't when you shaded both one's sides. Here again it's the same kind of problem. We had something on the windows; we had the bright nose of the spacecraft, the sun was shining on the spacecraft anyplace it eventually came into the windows... ...in the form of money. And I, once or twice when we were in free drift, I could see something bright up in the sky. I couldn't tell you whether it was a planet or whether it was a star or anything. But you've got a lot of light coming into the space- craft, on the day side from the sun....doesn't have anything to do with what's out there. It has to do with the fact that you've got a lot of nose sticking out, you've got a lot of window, there was somethine on the window, and even if there wasn't anything on the window, the light comes in the window from the sun and is reflected around inside the spacecraft. You've got sources of light just all

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Belt 18 2 over the place. It follows, then, if you switch that, I mean the next time is terical and the next time was great.. .. that if you could get out in the spacecraft at night,... You'd see a lot more. You say it's "great" because you saw 7th magnitude stars, but Ed and I both proved that we could see more stars flying in an airplane at 40,000 feet here on earth than we could up there. But then if you want to look at the diagolectric example, which is geometrically extended object--you're looking through this little narrow angle restriction whereas if you'd gone outside you could see this elongated phenomenon with ease--the same with looking at meteors.... You're making some conclusions right now that we're not--haven't made-- nor making. Well I'm trying to get your impression as to whether-- And I'm not sure before when you were talking about the dayglow of what conclusion you drew from what I said. Are you trying to imply that there's a difference between a night sky and a day sky which are obviously.. ...or between the sky and the ground in the daytime? I'm trying to find out how well your seeing conditions were compared to the Mercury crew's. Uh-huh. And the implication that I get is that the implication is the same condition in the daytime with terrical, probably because of the way the spacecraft is shaped and multiple scattered light.

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Belt 18 3 I think you're drawing improper conclusions. o. K. I don't see why you say that the seeing conditions in the daytime were extremely poor. In terms of visual accuity, for looking, for example, at stars,-- Well, how about for turning down and looking at objects on the ground. Now that's visual accuity, also. Yes. And I thought it was outstanding. Looking at bright objects, you see. Where you don't have a high contrast required. You mean on the ground they're bright, yes. Then there is a high contrast required on the ground. If you're looking out at a star, you know, you've got a bright star against a black sky. That's pretty high contrast. The same thing looking down at the ground. You're looking at a white road going across a dark field. You can see those things. Yes, but the only problem here is that you're looking through a haze or a scattered layer of light...... scattering into the space- craft or on the window. For instance, the case if there's no scattered (frost.) on the spacecraft. When that disappears at night you can see directly through the window and your visual sensitivity goes up to a maximum of (photographication). Which obviously must have happened because of the way things were. Let me tell you what I think. I think there are so many things involved in spacecraft. geometry, the windows, the layer on the

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Belt 18 4 windows, the light coming through, that I couldn't tell you whether there's anything that if I looked up above I could see an image, or not. But I think that possibly, if we could find a long black tube and a window with no film on it and some way of closing off all the light inside the spacecraft, I feel that maybe I could look up and I could have seen the black sky (and the stars). Yeah, we didn't have that, so I wouldn't draw that conclusion from what. I saw up there. All I can say is that you couldn't see up and see the stars in the daylight because of all these other reasons. Now if you eliminate other reasons, I think probably you could. I wouldn't say for sure that that's right. The point that interests you when you're talking about accuity, is to look down on the ground and you can see very small objects in the daylight. So that with one is (resolution) and the other one is sensitivity to different light levels. And I'm talking about light levels from Gemini, in terms of having a niosy background. I want you to be careful of the conclusion that you made. You've got three things that you're obviously trying to make conclusions out of, and I want. to be sure that. you didn't make some of your own conclusions out of them. Out of this Mercury, they have Mercury, and you're going to compare Mercury and Gemini observations and you took the inside-the-spacecraft observations and said at night it was great and in the daytime it was lousy. Well, in the daytime I didn't feel it was lousy. I don't know what standard you're com- paring it against. You're comparing it against Mercury. I think you'd be very careful in drawing that conclusion. And then there's another area that. you want to make conclusions on

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Belt 18 5 and that's vision outside the spacecraft, and I (can) make a comparison between those two and I have already; but you can see clearer from outside the spacecraft. And I was quite surprised at this because I had three visors on: one of them was a left-hand visor which isn't high on optical properties and one of them which is a sun visor which is probably pretty good optically with a gold coating on it and then a flexiglass which is very high in optical qualities. And I felt as far as vision was concerned, I could see better out- side the spacecraft and I'd love to be able to make some further visual testing out and I think we probably well do this--take the visors up, this type of work, later on. So you're comparing three different things and I think we can definitely tell you some con- clusions between inside and outside as far as Gemini is concerned. I'd be very careful against saying that the vision out of Mercury was worse or better with respect to what we could see out of Gemini in the day. At night we were able to see and compare high magnitudes down to what we felt was 7th order magnitude stars. (The only thing that)bothers me just a little bit is you saying because Gordo said he could - he woke up in the daylight - pointed at the sky, he could tell whether it was day or night, and therefore it was an airglow. Now I could wake up and tell whether it was day or night, too, but it wasn't because there was any airglow. It was because I had sun in the spacecraft. And I think... Gordo also saw.... ... in the daylight. So that's the second indication.

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Belt 18 6 Yeah, this is a unique situation. He happened to be in a situation where the earth was beneath and the sun was behind him and there was no light- ning scattered into his window or anything or at least apparently there wasn't anything. He didn't feel there was any and that he had a good opportunity. There's only one datum ..... (?) Iwo were there when they have poor days. Shade on the windows. You know the stars are there; there's no question that they're up there and if we make the conditions right we can see them. Couple times I did see stars or planets or something in the daylight. I couldn't tell you what they were, what magnitude they were at all. All I could tell you is that as we drifted around some random positions I could see some sorts of light coming through the window. I think the point that we tried to make also is we have been working on Apollo and we know that stars and measurement of stars in the daytime and the lighting conditions are very important. And on a routine operation in this matter, the stars weren't there. This is the observation that I felt I made and I think we've both been working in (guidance). I think this is what Jim was driving at also. I was looking for them in the day- time because I wanted to see them out there in the daytime; I didn't want to see them in a cloud (Apollo?). But they weren't there to the extent that I would like to have seen. As a matter of fact, that was one of the real surprises we had. They just aren't out there. At least they weren't out there in the configuration we •... • You see a passing star of a lst or 2nd magnitude out there, that's not goings to do you a bit of good as far as anything but saying "o, 100k, I 70

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Belt 18 see one" because you don't have any idea what it is certainly can't get into measurement. Results of this.. ... . Maybe we can give Dr. (Ritch) a chance. Did he have any questions? I was curious as to what the difference is between sunset and sunrise. 7 Well, particularly with respect to the shape of the sun and how much does it spread out in lattitude. Is it different for night and day? We sort of concluded that the sunrise was prettier than the no the sunset was prettier than the sunrise. The sunrise seems to be to my way of think- ing was more white and blue. But the sunset was many colors. A lot of red. It is red and blue. They were much prettier. I don't know why because we've got some movies with us. Actually we do have some movies that we tried to vary on some of them the aperture and I think we've got, at least at certain times during the film- ing, we've got a fairly true representation of what's up there. The colors in the pictures really do look right and, in fact, I was pretty happy with them. There are certain parts in there that give you pretty close to the impression that we got, and I think these will also show you that the sunset is a little more spectacular than the sunrise. Now there is one thing that certainly is different in the sunrise. When the sun comes, it really comes up with such a much higher rate and it just booms right up and bang it's light and a big ball of fire from the sun comes up. Now when it goes down, though, it's the reverse, and it kind of dies out slowly and you can maybe sit there and enjoy and absorb the colors a little more. Maybe that's the reason.... that the sunset is a little prettier.

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Belt 18 Is the sunset more billiant than the sunrise? Yes. Contrast-wise? Right. How about the elongation? Wait a second. When you say it's really ... That was brightness. Sunrise is more brilliant. Sunrise is more brilliant. Up it comes. See it's dark and then the next thing it's light. It's really light. Sunset seems to take longer and the gradation- And more color. More colorful. What about the elongation and latitude? Is there a difference in sunset and Does the sun squash down elliptical? No. It doesn't move. It goes so... You know ... It takes about 4 seconds to reverse the whole thing there and it's so bright, you don't notice it squashing .. •• Did you? No, I didn't. No, I've seen a lot of peculiar sunsets and moonsets; the sun and moon have ears on them and things like that- It's all due to the thick amount of atmosphere that you're going in. It all goes pretty quickly and I didn't notice that the sun came up in any different shape was set, but it may have. You know, one thing on the films when you see them, the bottom part looks like the reflection or something, either in the lens or - I don't think

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Belt 18 9 it's in the processing - must be in the lens under the film. The - down at the bottom part kind of duplicates and lets magnitude look on top and that's really not fair. It doesn't reflect down and what you see is only on top. Did you see any difference between moonsets and moonrises? No, I didn't. Did you see any (classing) • of the moon? The elongation that you see? No. I didn't. I didn't notice any. I thought the interesting thing, too, about the moon is that clarity - that you see it's quite clear when you look at it here, but also it just looked like a little silver globule going down. It just goes right down. You have no scanning or anything associated with it. And no ... either. That's right, it goes right down. And also, your viewing of the stars beyond my comment on this earlier doing this. It doesn't obscure your viewing - the moon being up there doesn't particularly bother you as far as the (stars?) .. Then you could always tell where the horizon was because of the stars which you know appeared. And then the airglow. Could you also tell from the stars? sort of a supplemental picture of the horizon from the stars? 73)

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Belt 19 ...the air glow. Can y'all tell if it's dark? Some little (Supplemental? Sublimal?) picture of the horizon? Well if you watched a certain star, you could tell when it went below the horizon. You just can't look out there and say, "o. K., that's the horizon." It depends on the stars. Now, you can look out there and say, "O. K., now, that's the horizon; not because of the stars." Because of the lack of the stars and also the air glow. And also thunderstorms on the horizon ......... (of the Lark?) proves that you can get it (pictures?). But you never can say that- and I never would ever say that I could take a pencil and draw a very find line and say that's the horizon at night. As a matter of fact, in the daytime, either. Did you get the point that Edward made about the moon, though, that when you look at it from even far and high, you can see all these stars. You see the moon; but you don't see just the light of the moon. You see a lot of glow around it. ...And from on earth. But up in orbit I didn't see any glow around it. I saw the light--I saw the moon. Right next to it was dark. There's nothing around it. It's sharp. Even when you see a sharp rim here on earth--You see, if the moon were here and was that. big around I'd tend to see glow around here. Even when the moon is in (venus?) You do at. times. That, depends on the humidity on a clear night. Normally when the moon's out, on a clear night, you have a lot of haze and stuff around it. (that's not. there?..air?) which you'd expect when you're out of the atmosphere. You know, we received a picture in the mail which if you just, having been on a space flight, I think

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Belt 19 2 it, means a little more to me....now that. I think about it. Expecially as you look at it now and the artist has taken these things and he's put them in very clearly on a stark black background--and you know and you say, "Gee, isn't that artificial looking?" But that's not artificial looking. That's the way it really does look. The moon's up there on a stark black background (and the other artists should [paint] like that.) I'd like to ask Colonel White what color was his (watch) (blush) Just silvery white.. •I suppose. ........ ... "Dr. (Acre) " -- I take it you would not have any trouble finding the sun if you were to try orienting at some angle with respect to this... You wouldn't have to do too much searching if you wanted to line up with the sun in order to..... No, No. You can generally tell where it is by the brightness. The same holds true with an (open landing). You can find it on the way in. It's easier if you've got an attitude reference with inertial references working and you just go up there and swoop across the sky and you can find it. But if you've got to get up... You've got to go find it without any references (out in the space- craft.), I guess if you get on the horizon and get all set and then start a pitch rate or something you can go find it. But when you're drifting freely, and you don't know which way is down, you simply end up looking up at the sky and you don't know how to get to the local horizontal--it might be right there and your plane here and you're

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Belt 19 3 not, sure until you start looking for it like this and you can search around for a long time. You can search a long time... And never get back down to the horizon, but if you establish (a per rate) well you can get there. The big thing is how much fuel you've got. to expend. You get right on the horizon and pick up......Milky Way well it can help you...well you can get there. The big thing is how much fuel you've got. to expend. You get right on the horizon and pick up.... Milky Way, well it can help you. Dr. (Ayer), I think we're getting close to time to go home here In regard to your (meter) program (in your notes that you made in the auditorium) could you make any recommendations as to the new make-up of that meter program? I think Ed and I have a common recommendation that we don't fly many more flights in GMT and elapse time at the same time. We've got a one real problem to kinda sort all this stuff out, and I think we ought to fly these things in alloted times...I think that's the one single recommendation we'd make that stands head and shoulders above all other ones. Trying to correlate the time is very tough. Beyond that, would you say that you could make recommendations as to make-up of the...books? I thought the books were outstanding and I think that make-up modifies this suit to certain white as the way we ought to go at them. I think they're outstanding, too, and, of course, Ed and I designed

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4 Belt 19 them, so were prejudiced. Ma lia lla. No, as a matter of fact, we have a flight planner over in the spacecraft center. You roll three times during flight--You roll (when you come down to) liftup from the launch bases which you have never looked at and about 20 hours later we rolled around for 20 hours--I never even got it to 20 (here) Just part of re-entry we rolled it around some more and then gave up 70 hours. (We milked some stuff on it). Storm books are real good. Excuse me, let me see these books. We have a book like this. To do any real time flight planning, you have to have access to the--every- thing--all at once, and you don't want to have to get every some- thing on a roller when you've pot to roll through it like this. If you want, to know what's going to happen in 95 hours, you just open the book up and turn over to 95 hours. Then if you want to compare that with say 40 hours--you want to have a comparison there, you can't fo this on a roller film. Unless you've got some quick access, a way of getting that our like you had your own sort of a meteor microfilm. Did you take notes on your book, sir? Yes, we did. I think one thing that we did decide on is that the l.ime-seales that we have in our flight plan here are--neither one of them are exactly right. The early part of the mission was highly expanded; the latter part was washed down a little. I think we have nix hours per page in the latter stage and we have an hour per page 77

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Belt 19 5 in the early stage. I think probably three hours per page or some- thing like that would give us more room to write the notes. Has that book been reproduced? Yes, it has. There are copies for everyone. Let me ask you one here. Do you think you could hold half a degree in pitch on the night horizon with the radical? Sure. Just do it on the top of the air glow layer and you'd have no trouble at all. You wouldn't need a filter, or anything. No. You don't want to make the air go away or any dimmer. And the sight is (difficult) as it is and it's adequate to use at night. But then you could take pictures, otherwise. Take pictures at gunsight. What, were you going to do when you held this? The sharp point is down, and fortunately, it was a camera now designed by Spacecraft. It's a flush-mounted camera for GT5 and diagonally, push down the right window, so the camera is looking up Like this. So the spacecraft is on over at an angle like this. It's not a 4-satellite camera is what I'm saying. So while the point is probably wood, I'a hate to see the thine get out that O. K. we can pull out the dike. I like the way it's certainly designed. Actually, there's more to it, than that. The experimentor will go with a 30° cut through the sadiacal light, so this has nothing to do with the experiment. anymore. Only one time it did. And you also have other than just a fipper on the radical you could

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3elt 19 6 hold.. • points. I'd like to get your feeling on calcium balance coming up on the seven... what do you think how it will affect your post-flight. I don't know how it's going to affect your postflight, but I know it's voing to be a real problem. You've just got a lot of things to do. There are a lot of things that can't be done until two weeks before the flight. If you get involved in the bit data-- gathering exercises before the fliht, I think that it could indeed jeopardize the whole flight. This is my personal opinion. I sort of thought that some of the medical examinations that we had should be moved back earlier. We had a big medical examination at FITA and that's one of those few days we got. a lot of other things that should be taking place and I can't, see that my physical condition changed in the last week. Except maybe I got sleepier. But I just feel that when you put all these things into the last couple weeks, you really--the guys that are flying the flight--have got to get ready and there's almost an infinite amount of work to do. You just can't. do it, all, and it you take time for data-gathering exercises, I sort of feel that it jeopardizes the success of the whole flight. You think you could--another question--Do you think if you had a camera in the right. window with a swizzle stick arrangement for pitch, do you think could telescope sites could lock onto have control better pitch than you could with a rigid mounted camera in the right window. You're talking about a control of the mounting for the camera. A control of the pitch; a control of the mount and the pitch.

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7 Belt 19 Is this a ball-jocket-socket, type of junkhead or something. It's not, a ball and socket, but a pitch.....f'or holding a pitch atti- tude. Oh, for the air glow. For the air glow, yes. This would be for one minute photographing. For minutes Some of them may be up to 22 minutes. Wow. IT'd hate to be a .... You mechanize it with a low-speed electronic drive and a rheostat- type drive on it. No. Manually. A manual swivel. Let's do sound effects for the good old ....... Yeah, ....Elroy T. V.'s charging, you're not going to have more than 20 minutes exposure of night air. Ha Ha Ha We're safe there, aren't. we. Ha Ha Ha A swivel stick here in the right coming out; you have authority taken on a different one. Larry, did you talk to them about the Northern lights below the southern lights. I tried to. Oh, excellent, excellent. I just covered a few little things and I surely would like to hear your comments about the um I would love to. Venus. Yeah, we were really impressed with the planet Venus up there and we took some pietures of it and it did come out with about 5 the 80

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Belt 19 8 magnitude and brilliance that it really appears up there. It's a beautiful sight. After the dark up there, it's very brilliant and much more large as far as I was concerned and bright in magni- tude than anything I've seen looking from the ground. (Mercury) proved very, very pretty. I bet you caught a photograph, too. Yeah, just.. .. you know and you've just-- Yeah, the colors on those things. The colors that we took on the ground weren't too graphic. Did yourever see-- Black. Was there anything else? Black actually looked beautiful and this is the way the sky looks... The sky's black, but it's a beautiful black background. But that doesn't come out on the picture. Was the radical any good in the day? (Hasistas) would be brighter than it is. About twice as bright. Twice as bright. You could see it on the ground. If you can't. see it. on the cause, that's the big thing here. You could see it on the land. You could see it on the land and the water. It was fine. But when you cross the crosscloud, I think we ought to have two rings of brightness. You know right now it's very bright. and just the next beat tannicals look very dim and then you've pot a gradation of dims.

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Belt 19 9 I think the dim gradation is excellent. I think we need a little variation of brightness. Did you find any difference in the two windows? Did you see any ventigral difference in those two windows? We couldn't change places. Ha Ha Ha See I looked in mine, he looked in his, and there wasn't any way in the world that we could-- You could't get near enough to start a ration? No. No. You really can't. Independent, of your ration. You're pretty safe to check your radi- cal brightness against the bright cloud right on the earth. You know on a bright day like this. Shoot, they said it was checked against the snowbank. You can't bank there. You're in trouble. Unless there's a... .... • A couple of times I was looking for it. Those were dirty St. Louis snowbanks. (snowguns?) На На На 0. K., I think...... the more you want to say. If you'll wrap it up. I think between this morning and Jim and Ed's comments this afternoon we can extract. everything we present.. I'd like to nay something. The way it looks right now, you have 11 experiments and everyone of them is a total success. There is no indication that there's anything, any anomaly and there's no indi- cation that. there will be any anomaly. Just a quick look.. Certainly nothing operational, I mean it's not operational........ There's nothing at all. Now you've got a couple of equipment pro- blems, but you expected that I'm tols. It was perfect as far as

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Belt 19 10 experiments go. There was nothing that could have been done to improve it. This is the way the guider shows it; this is the way the mock-up.. Even the experiment you didn't have a very successful flight.. На На На. Well, we've got how many more....8 more to go, huh. Ha Ha. What,. No, flights. End of tape.

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Notes from the De-Briefing transcript G 1-4 Meteors: Both lcDivitt and White mentioned seeing a number of meteors below them: "We saw quite a few fall and burn up below our altitude. They were about one-half to one-third as high as we were when they were consumed. He never saw one above us." (short and swift?) As the accompanying plots of numbers of meteors against the months of they p206 on the average from altitude Regardless of their brightness/meteors appear in 40 and 60 miles/in the earth's atmosphere. Bright meteors are seen to reach about 40 miles, whereas hociuchlox large fireballs may still be seen as low as 20 miles or so. The average height thoughout the path is greater for fainter meteors and for thos of high velocities. Actually the bright objects are larger and hence travel further before they are consuned, often traveling for several hundred miles before they are consumed. Planets The pilots remarked that"the planets are so clear and bright, "and later that "all the sunsets had the planet in it." They have in fact recorded Venus in the lorigon bands on one of their sunset pictures. At that date Venus havi was still close to the sun being (angular distancet)Sup.conj.Apr.11) about 15deg. east of the sun (eve. star). On the color print S-65-34771 the image of Venus can bo distictly seen amid the horizon bands.

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•205 2. Zodiacal Light Texanyx Me Divitt and white were taking 16 mn. movies xoting before one"capsule dawn" when they noiced the zodiacal light and described it ax thus, "it was a shaft of light and a long time before the sun came up." On the ground observers can note the cone fof light in the eastern sky or western sky after the sun has set and gone down about 18 deg. ( about and hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise.) Pilots at 40,000 feet con follow it for a longer span since they are away from disturbing city lights. Condition of the Window: The G mini optical window is quite superior to the Mercury window. None- the less the pilots note that"both their windows ere fogey;" and at one point during EVA White rubbed his sleeve acidentally on Jime window smudging it -probably partially reming the silicon film.

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File GT-y mission

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'1:30 | MEASURE REL STATIC CHARGE 1:40 1:50 TAPE PLYBACK 3-1, 4-1 UPDATES EGRESS PREPARATION UNSTOW AND ATTACH UMBILICAL Y FITTING'S EMER 02 FACK MANEUVER UNIT CAMERA BLOOD PRESSURE (P) —2:00 ALIGN PLATFORM NULL REL VEL 2:10 2:20 N I c.e.t. 3:59 145, * 315 По - 2:30 KV BLOOD PRESSURE (C) / GO/NO/ GO)FOR EVA COMM CHECK T DEPRESSURIZATION 2:40 MAINTAIN PRIMARY O2 PRESS WITH MANUAL HEATER (850 - 925 PSIA) CLOSE WITH BOOSTER 2:60 OPEN HATCH AND STAND UP -3:00

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CE.t. • 3:00 3:10 3:20 3:30 3:40 3:50 - 4:00 4:10 4:20 4:00 EGRESS S/C x m - <20 INGRESS S/C CLOSE HATCH REPRESSURIZE S/C N ALIGN PLATFORM SEPARATION AV ~ 5 FT/SEC COMPLETE INGRESS CHECKLIST D/T TAPE PLYBK MEDICAL DATA PASS TYPE 1 D/T TAPE PLYBK MEDICAL DATA PASS TYPE 2

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-6:00 6:10 6:20 - 6:30 6:40 6:50 —7:00 7:10 7:20 7:30 INITIATE TERMINAL REND PHASE MEASURE AV REQ'D CLOSE WITH BOOSTER PHOTOGRAPHS DURING APPROACH INCREASE SEPARATION WITH BOOSTER PRIOR TO DARKNESS GO/NO GO FOR AREA 18-1 H 3<0 xm - me o N HIGH oun

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4:30 4:40 4:50 -5:00 5:10 5:20 - 5:30 5:40 5:50 6:00 MANEUVER UPDATE ALIGN PLATFORM CLOSING AV ~ 13 FT/SEC ALIGN PLATFORM D/T TAPE PLYBACK MONITOR BOOSTER ELEV OTE U2S URo uno W N H (2) x-Cuutching

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7;30 7:40 7:50 -8:00 8:10 8:20 8:30 8:40 8:50 -9:00 D/T TAPE PLYBK MANEUVER UPDATE ALIGN PLATFORM SEPARATION AV ~ 5 FT/SEC SEXTANT BOOSTER/STAR OBSERVATION FLASHING ELGHT EVAL. 4 2 N I

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Point of Application SECO +30 Beginning of 3rd Rev (3:33) 99 min. later (5:12) 4th Rev 76 min. later (6:28) 5th Rev 106 min. later (8:14) 6th Rev 15th or 16th Re 30th Rev 45th Rev 62nd Rev (or 66th Rev") 5 5 5 12.5 21 12 25-30 +110 NOMINAL GT-4 TRANSLATIONAL MANEUVERS HP / HA After Maneuvers 86/153 Direction of Thrust Posigrade Retrograde 88/154 82/153 86/150 93/150 Posigrade Retrograde Posigrade Posigrade Translational Thruster Aft Aft Fwd Aft Various Purpose S/C-Booster Separation Station-Keep on Booster S/C - Separation Rendezvous Maneuver (Start intercept Terminal Phase/Braking Aft Various Aft Orbital Lifetime Adjust - ‹5 days #*Adjust lifetime - 4 days Adjust lifetime - 3 days Adjust lifetime - 2 days Achieve OAMS Retrofire ** Lifetime Adjustments will be minimum required * For Pacific landing + If available

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-0:00 - 0:10 0:20 LAUNCH SECO+30 S/C SEP~5 FT/SEC YAW 180° NULL REL VEL~ 5 FT/SEC (340 FT SEP) INSERTION CHECKLIST 2-1 UPDATE ALIGN PLATFORM CNTL MODE CK DUMP LAUNCH DAY URINE BAGS SUIT INTEGRITY CHECK COMM. CHECK D CHECK ACC BIAS 0:30 - 0:40 NULL REL VEL WITH BOOSTER RADIATOR - FLOW -0: 50 GO/NO GO FOR 2-1 BLOOD PRESSURE (PILOT) T UNSTOW CAMERAS —1:00 1:10 1:20 1:30 CLOSE WITH BOOSTER ESTABLISH FORMATION FLIGHT PROCEDURE FOR EVA PASS BASED ON BOOSTER ANGULAR RATES G 2

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To: Dr. J. B. B11From - Metallurgy DENVER RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF DENVER P. O. Box 8786, Denver, Colorado 80210 Dr. Lyn Gill NASA Headquarter 1512 H Stres ,, N.W. Clipperp AIR 118 CA PAR AVION MAIL

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GT- 4 File clippinp - Wank Paat GT= 4

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Astronauts Track Missile in Space In 'Typical Day' Aboard Gemini 5 By Howard Simons and appeared to have mas-|man missile from Vandenberg Washington Post Staff Writer tered the temperature-regu- Air Force Base in California. HOUSTON, Aug. 24-Astro-lating mechanism, which was The 65-foot Minuteman was nauts L. Gordon Cooper JF. giving them the chills and launched at 12:37 a.m. (EDT), and Charles Conrad Jr. spotted, tracked and photo. causing them to shiver, par- as part of a missile combat graphed a Minuteman inter. ticularly during sleep. crew training mission. Shortly continental ballistic missile Astronaut James MeDivitt launched from California to- called it a "typical" day, dur- after the ICBM was off the a day as their Gemini 5 space-ing which the astronauts were pad Conrad spotted it. craft orbited the earth. catching up with their experi- The Minuteman was flying "I see it, I see it!" Conrad ments. Some of these were a path 155 statute miles north the missile successful; others were not. of Gemini 5's path. The point 1 streaked through space on its repaired his of closest approach to way to a watery target in the faulty gunsight, spacecraft was 201 miles. At Pacific. which helped the astronauts the time Conrad and Cooper For two minutes the astro- better to pinpoint targets in tracked the missile, they were nauts watched the Minuteman. space and on the ground 125 miles above the earth's sur- Conrad took six pictures of Hence, they took a heat-sens. face. it. At the same time, an in-ing measurement of the star Questions Raised frared or heat-sensing device Deneb, which they were un- recorded the kind and amount able to do the day before. The The fact that the heat-sens. of heat being emitted by the astronauts also have photo- and the solid-fueled ICBM- a thousand graphed the mysterious zodia- photographs of Minuteman of which constitute the bulk cal light, which is thought to and other targets are being of America's strategie nuclear be a backseattering of light conducted for the Defense De- from dust orbiting the earth. partment has raised some Conrad and Cooper con- Trouble in Spotting questions here. tinue to circle the earth in The problem, essentially, their fourth day. They have Attempts to see giant 2000x seems to be this: already been granted permis. 2000-foot eye charts on the National policy has cast the sion to continue their journey ground near Laredo, Tex., activities of the National Aero- for another day and Gemini have been less successful. Al- nautics and Space Administra officials see no current prob- though they could see smoke tion in a peaceful light. Great lems that might foreshorten from smoke pots set out to care has been taken to divorce an eight-day mission. If all help them pinpoint the Laredo the military aspects of space goes well, the astronauts will charts, they first missed the from civilian program, notably pass the four-day mark at charts altogether and then saw space flight effort. The kind of information be- roughly 10 a.m. (EDT) two that they misidentified. Wednesday. More visible to the orbiting ing gathered by Cooper and sightseers were contrails from "Dull" and "Typical" Conrad does have potential three airplanes near Jackson- application for the military. Today was variously de- ville, Fla., "and all the streets The challenge, therefore, is whether the Nation should scribed as "dull," "typical," in it (Jacksonville), and the and "busy." Cape (Kennedy) and all the preclude all military scientific and engineering experiments Flight Surgeon Charles way down to Miami." from NASA's activities. Berry characterized the day But the experiment that as. "dull," which he explained caused the most excitement Chronology of astronauts' is "a good day" medically. was the successful tracking by fourth day in orbit. The astronauts were "alert" the astronauts of the Minute! Page A10.

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Water Excess Forces Cut in Gemini's Power ical Storm Doreen in the Pa- cific as an experiment for the By a Washington Post Staff Writer | Conrad will have been in tinuously, ran out of gas. Just astronauts are expected to the skin sensors in his suit Conrad was told to get some Weather Bureau. HOUSTON, Aug. 25 - A space longer than any other how much this reduces the land in the Atlantic Ocean were more irritating than the sleep. The 66th orbit, which began new problem aboard the Gem- When the astranauts value of the experiment is not off "Pete's (pressure) cuffs at 5:26 p.m., the 67th, ini 5 spacecraft and a new pass Cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky's 1963 F. yet known. endurance Sunday: itching nim noted. a lot," started at 7:02. which he and the 68th, medical 65th Orbit—3:50 p.m. beginning at 8:36, apparently American man-in-space record Discussing another record of 119 hours, it will also matter, Dr. Berry said there Round-by-Round Story Cooper photographed Trop-were relatively quiet. dominated today's orbital ac- mark the first time that Amer- was absolutev ne concen over. 61st Orbit9:29 a.m. tivities of astronauts I. Gor- ica has Of Gemini 5 Flight major the fact that apparently only Cooper and Conrad watched don Cooper Jr. and. Charles manned space flight record one astranaut has had a bowel HOUSTON, Aug. 25 (UPI) the firing of a rocket sled at Conrad Jr. from Russia. movement over the last four Here is a chronological Holloman Air Force Base, Too much nondrinking wa- There were these other days of flight. Indeed, accord- ac- count of the actinties of the N.M. ter is being produced by Gem- highlights today: ing to Dr. Berry, the astronauts Gemini 5 Astronauts: "There it goes, we see it!" eried Conrad. "We could ini's fuel cell and threatens to • Cooper and Conrad saw could maintain their present flood the power producing and recorded a second Min- regimen for eight days with- 56th, 57th Orbits see it very well, we were right on the money with the track- cell. To stem the flow of ex- uteman intercontinental bal- out ill effeet. No voice contact was estab- ing," Cooper reported. The cess water, Gemini officials listic missile fired from Cali- lished with the spacecraft dur- decided to reduce the amount fornia. They also saw and re- Fuel Cell Problem astronauts used infrared de- of power used by the astro- corded a rocket sled test at As for the fuel cell water at 1:30 a.m., ing its 56th orbit, which began tection devices to measure ra- and during the diation from the rocket's en- nauts for experiments. Hollomon Air Force Base in problem, what is involved is 57th the ship's track took it gine. Flight Director Christopher New Mexico. And, after sev- this: out of range of most of the Columbus Kraft does not re- eral previous and unsuccess- Fuel cells convert oxygen tracking stations. 62d Orbit-11:03 a.m. gard the problem as serious. ful attempts, they got a good and hydrogen gases into elec- The astronauts still will be look at the aircraft carrier tricity, heat and water. The 58th Orbits At the beginning of the or- able to orbit for eight days. Lake Champlain. more power the fuel cell is bit, Cooper With both astronauts awake. and Conrad They still will be able to per- *I can see her turning big- asked to produce, the more Gemini Control at Houston re- the aircraft carrier form their planned experi- ger than heck," was the way of these byproducts it pro- spotted ments. What will be limited Conrad put it. layed a long list of experi Lake Champlain steaming in in the remaining days of the • The astronauts took some duces. ments for them to perform. circles in the Atlantic near Similarly, lesser demands Cooper reported that the tight Bermuda. At the end of the flight are extra experiments pictures of Cuba. Just scenic for electricity mean lesser schedule was still hampering orbit, they watched a second that might have been added shots," said Cooper. They also amounts of water and heat, Minuteman missile launch performance of experiments. to the space flight plan. photographed cloud patterns. too. This is why the Gemini from Vandenberg Air Force New Space Record thunderstorms and, on request officials have taken a "con- 59th Orbit-6:19 a.m. Base, Calif. They were unable of U.S. Weather Bureau scien servative" approach and or- The new record established tists, they tried to photograph dered the astronauts to "We would like to request to track the rocket on their by Cooper and Conrad rough. the eye of tropical storm Do- use that we keep everything to a infrared radiation detection less power. ly at noon (EDT) today, in reen roughly 200 miles south equipment. Because the fuel cell water minimum in the evenings." Conrad reported he slept Gemini 5's 62d orbit, bested of Hawail. Cooper told fellow astronaut poor in color that for duration of an Ameri- In spite of mild discomfort and high in acid, it is taste Elliot M. See Jr. "We, for six hours last night "in bits." being some reason, are having trou can space-flight. brought on by itching, con used to press upon a plastic The old record was set tinued cold and sleepless ble sleeping." He said noise 63d Orbit—-12:38 p.m. bladder containing the early in June by astronauts nights, Cooper astro- and. Conrad from the experiments posed a Cooper made the flight sur naut's normal drinking water James A. MeDivitt and Ed- were said to be in "extremely supply. But the fuel cell is problem. geon's heart flip by remarking ward White who stayed aloft good condition" by Kraft and producing more water nonchalantly, "We feel much than 60th Orbit--7:54 a.m. for 97 hours and 37 minutes. chief flight surgeon Charles desired and officials fear if better since we got our suits The surgeon From the Control center Berry. the situation continues, Gemini Control relayed con-off." quickly here, MeDivitt radioed the Relief for some of Conrad's back-pressure could result and a gratulations to Cooper from realized Cooper was joking. orbiting astronauts: itching came when he asked flood out the fuel cell. his wife Trudy on passing the Conrad was allowed to remove "Let me be the first to con. for and received permission to Anticipating a similar prob- total space flight record of 119 some inflatable pressure cuffs hours 6 minutes, counting his around his thighs. "He said gratulate you on setting a new cut the tight pneumatic euffs lem on longer flights, Gemini earlier orbital flight. they "itch pretty bad" and spacecrar record for manned around his thighs. The experi. officials already are develop- mental cutts were decioned. ta. Bad weather over Laredo. were not working anyway. ing filters that will make thel Tex., forced cancellation of a An even more impressive counter the effects of weight. fuel cell water clean and tasty test on this pass of whether 64th Orbit—2: 13 p.m. record will fall to the two lessness on the cardiovascular for drinking. the astronauts could spot hug Americans at about 9 a.m. system. But the power supply Pinally, Gemini officials an eye charts on the ground Cooper reported he and Conrad had completed all of Thursday. for the cuffs, which automati- nounced today that barring At that time Cooper and cally tighten and relax con- unforseen Cooper reported that he had the day's assigned experi difficulties, the seven hours of sleep. He said ments except one. The space- his beard was itching, but that craft was powered down and THE WASHINGTON POST Thursday, Aug. 26, 1965 A 11 Havarian 3 RESTAURANT & * Celebratin Year- 727 11th

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A 10 Wednesday, Aug. 25, 1965 THE WASHINGTON POST How It Went on Gemini's4th Day On their Gemini 5 space- 143d Orbit—4:50 a.m. abandoned because of a cloud took about six photographs of with the Carnarvan, Australia, the astronauts insisted on try- the flying rocket and made tracking station and flight ob- server Chuck Lewis gave the "We're going to pick a good exhaust plume. repaired an important sight- Conrad also spotted Hollo- and get it because we're all man Air Forèe Base, N.M., and Following is a chronological 14th Orbit-6:27 a.m. control reported a Tex., as he whirled over them. With both astronauts wide few As they ended the orbit, the were able to get a picture of astronauts ing over the United States, a ship west of Bermuda. trained on Cape Kennedy and 40t Orbit—12:05 a.m. Gemini Control at Houston re- 47th Orbit—11:12 a.m. longer than expected. This exchange between com- ifornia, a Minuteman missile 48th Orbit—12:47 p.m. Gemini Control in Houston municator reported the astronauts had astronaut, and Co Scott took was fired from Vandenberg Air consumed 13 pounds of water Cooper and Conrad got a fine strange readouts" from their Seott-_"Okay. You look real view. each, "pretty nearly an opti- good here on the ground. Do on-board computer. Officials mum curve for water intake." you have any questions on the ey Gord "Tish through that cause of mao one. but 41st Orbit—1:38 a.m. Conrad-"No. I'd say we got hole in the clouds. There he would be Conrad continued sleeping them day. hope we can get goes birer yeah, heck" and Conrad finally Cooper: "Yeah, we saw him spotted the checkerboard eve soundly and only one contact. weather back there in Hous- going 'way out above us." was made with ground track- ton?" The Minuteman, elimbing in Tex. Scott "Oh, It's real nice. a high suborbital are, came 49th Orbit—2:22 p.m. 42nd Orbit—3:14 a.m. No rain in Just hot and sunny as usual. within 200 miles of Gemini 5, particular. Just Space Agency officials said. Space officials on the Conrad reported he sighted ground noted Cooper sounded The quietest orbit of the once in a while a little thunder- the Minuteman 10 seconds "Just a wee bit tired." He was flight thus far, in terms of storm." space - to - ground communica- after launch when it had given a long updating on the noticed pierced the overcast. The Min- flight plan and was told to the spacecraft was out of voice that the temperature up there uteman peaked at an altitude watch for the Kilauea volcano contact range. Conrad was still is a little cooler than we ex. ot 575 miles and headed down in Hawall on the next orbit. asleep and Cooper had a meal. pected. How's your comfort?" the Air Force western test The astronauts hoped to meas- i detective rette and i in the et hote art ta to hit a mytheal targe ean alation trom the volcarared works fine." The reticle is a suits every once in a while to sighting device necessary for warm up. It has been quite the suecess of a number of cold." morning to the astronauts and told them, "You are doing a thing, Mr. Kraft. Gordo's beard Conrad: - "Nope, Santy Claus." Cooper-*Boy, putting those two coolant loops in the circuit really cooled it down. We both have been sitting here shiver- ing for the last few hours." Kraft-"Turn the valve to warm and it will shut off the flow completely. We will mon- itor on the ground and let you know if it gets too cool?" 45th Orbit—8:03 a.m. Cooper had a meal consisting of orange drink, spaghetti and meat, butterscotch pudding, toasted bread cubes and cheese sandwiches. He said he saw three airplanes approaching Jacksonville, Fla. He and Con- rad saw smoke signals sent up near Laredo, Tex., to help them find a huge pattern of white gypsum laid out on the ground, but they could not see the pat- tern. Fellow astronaut James McDivitt told the men they could go at least 62 orbits. 46th Orbit—9:35 a.m. An attempt to photograph

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A 6 Tuesday, Aug. 24, 1965 THE WASHINGTON POST GEMINI-From Page Al Gemini Makes Precision Maneuvers ive usefull to the mist no there is nothing that says or sate filte inspection In a mishap on the ground, in1 o mission control late to day. but was cleared up with-l in 11 minutes flight trends. After the o to problem mad the na Small poezvous plans with a eulated lost dava manual ice Saturday, ground rammed me wenas auto have shown that would Staking of Claims Disposal of Body Waste On Moon Ruled Out Is Easy for Astronauts associated tress get it. he world, not t not the first a for the vational Aeronal tics and Space Administra- plorai on there tany exe handled on an interna operativ basis nuch like that in An aretica." Over the years, how- many American ever contemplated a ans nevond caren. some evei ned caims wiel a counu recorder, suns me 1oo or part of it as their own lem on the space trip of astro- noninxir disintectant that n nauts L. Gordon Cooper- Jr. no odor but does clean and i and Charles Conrad Jr. A plastic bag with a new- cooper and conrad will te style adhesive lip is used for semble erizzled oid prospectors collection of feces. The adhe- because sclerusts have sive pruviacs a sceure dodeli ment to the body. found a way to get rid not germicide inside the ha. prea and the formation of bac: Fainting Possible tissues and a wet towel are After use, soiled items, toilet At Orbits' End Champlain astronauts, their all. aay Wa: filled with experi mon so, sie complai tom space, cials otherest, ith their makeshit are delished By Snowfall Cooper's Complaint rendezvous carried out today Mrs. hares Conrad ar accompanied y her tather Winn Dukose sir in the wieru. ing booth behind Gemini Control Center NASA Photo from JEL and gets a tirst hand view of the progress of her husband's flight aboard the Gemini 5 spacecraft. Chronologient Account of Orbits As Space Flight Enters 3d Day id Coope Report on Sightings now crart was maneuvered As for the sights, the astror Gemini reported officials as- seeine their me to been the capsule home orto do sa lora sumed was that the was in an elliptical orbit whose in alone ace pioneer exploration of Mars an 250 cluded thatrol at Houst oht have SIx OLDIE. COntrOL cave pert make peror up on sleep and technique ducing th fication. ro ice crystals in the atmospher • discovered on a 1959 bal four maneuvers, in- cluding an orbItal 01a16 speculate change of roughly 1-50th of a mile-an-hour win l on the high and and low around to the back see e, stal orbital Plane change "warming snowfall ome told eachers ar research control told Hot The golf gloves and women's. they purses, ten mouths tull or waret.. West Va. grammed by a groune con One man-made object in par- Later this year, he said, an other balloon carrying equip. laboratory ormati Venus on the character He told the conference the automated, manne s much preferab toured the wonship of kam balloo Jen, where a crowd or Jewish easy bas youths atacked. unt and track a planet like Venus checks on Gordon Conrad: "We a these pumping lood pressur Give me t nark when you beg McDivitt: "Roger, roger." pot at th oft much of theire no or not coated nap ne just passed a De therampice, over We 35th Orbit-4:07 p.m. * Mexico. Conrac slept, Coc MeDivitt: about pictures hour period, very so his six Con say: Jane's uD markto help future astro wife.) home trom the successful the boys cho there, sows) ica indicated both sons) spacemer 36th Orbit—5:43 p.m. temperat reported that failed. hitt gauge was workins Cround Centra said the temperature reading made from. telemetry data was 74 degrees. During the orbit, the astronaut photo- graphed a tropical storn 37th Orbit—7:19 p.m. spot tround Control center ronauts to turn the temperature we degrees ma A degrees stems aboard the capsule vere also operating normally

━ PAGE 136 ━

Ne sue O3, mening opin 223 py map - Outchay expo. vuifies thin. 5-10 facter Out damn MA→s minder fort mosse thing mission. - Korse satell. wight < * Gulenest on mubar dini right _ less expoom tih to them whole perind on Awful wase then f

━ PAGE 137 ━

tape m antch ComaR - R + /0 days Date a Both, pix firm Aruston

━ PAGE 138 ━

Space Unstufraphy Brumann, R.C. Bf from viking II Rochet at atta up to 158 minla NRL 4489 DOC Feh. 1955 Viking 12 Rochet up to 143. 5 miles WRL 5273 aps. 1959

━ PAGE 139 ━

2 Erau, Raus am ructic met. Plato Probe, NASA TN 0-706 , Fch 1962 (18) Conorer, J, A = stelen, clant Patter as seen 250-580 Contin to Solle. Mit. GRD Rauch hohes ho 36, AFCRC -TN - 60- 427, Relford, June 1960 , pp 31 -45

━ PAGE 140 ━

ESTAR femini of in. space TRIok to 5/19/65 GT-4'5 Walk- In- Space Ques. to which Chas. Mathews would like answers Sane IRS. 1. Pictures will be taken before opening the hatch: (Before de-pressurization) What will happen to the film when the hatch is opened? Noching! - Ha3-3137 GT-S Tom Brakn 2. During pressurization: How long can you use the film? 30 mins? or what? Fishf py. Branch in MS C 50-217 3. Pressurization in cabin: After exposure to outside (outer space) and a very low temp. (10 deg•r.), how long will it take for the film to recover? м 2,5 г 4. Will cold temp. cause problems with rolling the film? Will it break? EStAR If one waited a period of time inside capsule, how long would this be? for film to version Norm Foster pictues: - flers rac, interface different fin GT-S hisfig tent D.k. Ie Dunet A nhake got a reperte ERP : 55156 MSc/0 infor (ymil Estau)

━ PAGE 141 ━

Bu. of stanhares Cahhinta lenses Dement W. Darlin I pral le I lense stunt Beat, dist Sa eny Recket + Баве метри 173-956 17 2 - запра - С. Линя NRL 4489 VEng a t/2 158 мл, chent 1 002 mchea on attical bench 004 tomand film chich facua ed he dome unle

━ PAGE 142 ━

5/18/05 45 mms Enference stoh dạnh 373-4686 4.7 тит, Horstoa Rust - sugsestion (tr set conjumet n ca aetrment A. NARA 4o pinpa plise Scienbfic (5M) Astrnenla sont tilen on flamiy, Hasspe 16 hm Iurne Stoddark = IHuch bri ing motes = Roy stoke Roff. Paumaun 134 - 5116 White Famk empensnte focus /endeunter parter several yes oft Ft Chnchul . 10 mm Careras heneticel - serled + in hrater Fight + pic taken thim Fraily rndans

━ PAGE 143 ━

N. Fostes Plalmpriply 134 - 5981p protlen a) do itw tocus! 7 defenle nnlifhtntanict otts ung - > /Dam GSFc Prlene trmicane zratai Sphith srman rochels persg, Kumlsien uvspechofughs fore wot hig

━ PAGE 144 ━

Science not S, tour Come Pnhin Eclipse & madelile. pictue . GSFC stabliged set up (rocket Aenthe 4 8 30 han 196% hight an flow te 180 Tea been ties finnich de-Piefing operat. oiler astronaito morale 10 expeta

━ PAGE 145 ━

2 Char- eminh linh x27557

━ PAGE 146 ━

• Foi Rosman Foster 5/19/65 Vacuum Calla - 68 E. Ravin Berttie - Eunghan tihlinger _ He Poemsher Eel Among Caesar CAmp? T, foll Apollo (El Darn) *fice in foration → Dontachó group deselopef in /ruston → Sasses_ (tech. monitos han Rilel canera for tumor amface frange GoeRz Am ophical Co Esperite, Ferneshne fin (film experta Edgertm eh in Boston EGG Minimater c Scade hors study sintered fur

━ PAGE 147 ━

PE So since of info Photopen ely

━ PAGE 148 ━

chuch Mothere - white Sands afort what will hoppin to file How bany san you use file @ 5 prose in cahi How lany fait recor so can put file pus. 10° Fahren Feit Hemp, coll rolling file

━ PAGE 149 ━

ESTAR TN D- 70 b p. 14, 15, 16 rend to Fel. 1962 NASA Pet 4,43 EAstman Kadch Mssrs, Soren & Butts Norm Foster The him chant apollo contre!

━ PAGE 150 ━

оркі Мани бого nord a hightries fantest disayor it 52 mi hightest 4o an. - hi a bit in he. here Can fast hony fan int Perities ?

━ PAGE 151 ━

/am .= 1.60935X1050m = 660935K u. mi. = GT-4 Meless pught a thra , 20s, - F. Ronch Regullers stei hights, noteore na Pappes tolive 40 and leo miles en the ent's atmosphere, Rough metera are sun atent 40 nilia, lage fretares often as lom on 20 suiles a su The areng hight thronghint the path à frenter for frinter niters a for boca mit hipp rebreition, acboall the hight objecte ane luper and fo futer Refore thay one hurner up fen tuneling sette shaul, e sural funerel milha. p. 206 MeD showling plana "Dani quite a for, fall & hora up telar on alt tike. They sere ahat t to te ca high ao the pilata inten Criamed (OK) " oh ye - 2ener san one ahose Ma.

━ PAGE 152 ━

Weah D.C. 10/7/6s- Vonus photo of f in ho go hang Nọ = S 65 34771 seen it energ sumast Runate all had 4r anglon Almahme 1111 Rem item in anglem absent, "Plating" ht. meas inh sextant p., nolo dozin bands Binete Gill to do: - 8.193 lenita are an Cland hught o - does Lang have Flick? avelers 20d. lt nantly 8-237 Reach Rip of horgm lostork shet has a + to 3- interiants, Felom erla sighting for antone tape tires) Chresk - Runkelan Bugler- for lit. don hands

━ PAGE 153 ━

4, 8.205 Z. d. Cant . taking movies dung Ke, "it wasa shaft glight t a big trice hefere sun lane пр. * p. 206 Shosting stars shite san Ruite a fer, foel a bruner haham ons allitnde 2-5 a tiger use evere when benig meD - oh yes humer. Inera san one ahme us MucD - ren p.207, 208 Wrizin Shin tour very clearly 22 0 8, 209 attitude charters mot Heleng p.216 Bach win dows were pully fapgs MS C- 10 211 truth Sit photopoph event te indicator thouse shutter

━ PAGE 154 ━

Jump. esh miD/ white 1. Pictres y Aurorae? What ca un? p. zon 12t tie hal ming setting : 250 at 5/11 what oht? take? lastel for 301 4 mund or so (p, 203) 2. Angher meant (O. ) optical chractentia fall cher, When dis they take the movies? Tunes o fun Camera perx intest plenn ena ca hand tape: amane sightings tues ontol tape) wenta ma sarch _ "Plack" backpenne Ratn I rebedos

━ PAGE 155 ━

Poneder Septi, 2, 1968 G,iL 5 K = 35 com 3.8 т 1 $ = 20,5 п = го, 8 г - 12 8 = 21,8 ( = 21,7 m 20,8 . 2 19.6 im S= 1,5 m) f= horizontal = 21.8 Cun I garch to white layes = 20.2 C mm oK NASA Tech, Report {Roach, Du Klan, fil? ) @ Condensed rearin for the hot on any S- 5 on Rer 32 over US. Start at 17:40 GMT? Drain l to it a Flip wanaly too lays to see fren

━ PAGE 156 ━

11:45 G MT a02 8: 45 (ouston) 20 ha 30 min ₫ 30 ний. Gin Planeto;. 1' Suresto all had the planet nIh." Venuo - sen at ene Trous in <00 - sen at every sunset dig. teng " Vre I, pizus Pest y Veroin tong Panda tape dunge 5=65 34848 ?? See arferal, 5=65-34771)

━ PAGE 157 ━

anchan ptunchure only sour thing ) meas wich sextent she line leatron pigting he. 5577 in an flour lagera ( satant 20% 1 byn. Bramish putates Schma, Curfer Prack Plan amora Dunklum Brigham - jer. It. Konign fands deprecion / dun Gicl 70m Vemes in turbight Pants (15° framdun) Me/ers

━ PAGE 158 ━

Den d= tan A Ques to ash shite/ me D. rog hook material stitches f amorae h on horse tape teria pampeal sighting filma (16 mm) oh's # mas set fun tape t ed estinate the times z pa = O= hauge fano photos

━ PAGE 159 ━

GT -4 Refa The Sky and Eye - F. Roach SaT VolIT Ehr9s8 Color threshall, ete. 2+ to 3- intera. amorae 8.207

━ PAGE 160 ━

Fumsete M. Runises ppictaanler

━ PAGE 161 ━

Radiscal Light White prodedly sow it one b4 sinise

━ PAGE 162 ━

Planeto Bisher, kin Venua meleno (vianal meters) 70 - 1v0 Km dassial astra hchgerd ang 11 - 1Y finald bankin- Best reference for tagen Suneits in. Sumisen

━ PAGE 163 ━

Jake writter Meteoro . Give some info on meteor harpis to compare with light of spores ft Sunsils

━ PAGE 164 ━

CODE 1. mESs 2. Mas 3. MG 4. 5. 6. 7. REMARKS: NASA ROUTING SLIP NAME (if necessary) w. c. 5 Den GiT/ Calio de ACTION APPROVAL CONCURRENCE FILE INFORMATION INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE NOTE AND FORWARD NOTE AND RETURN PER REQUEST RECOMMENDATION SEE ME SIGNATURE REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF: Rath, - fam 4 file pla CODE: FROM: maso NASA Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) Завинік 1-22-65 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1963 OF OF-671845

━ PAGE 165 ━

GT - 4 OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 5010-107 MAY 1982 EDITION GSA GEN. REG. NO. 27 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Memorandum TO : SM/Manned Space Science DATE? 2 JUL 1965 M-C MGS 1352.2 FROM : MG/Deputy Director, Gemini Program SUBJECT: Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT-4) Photography The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Foster to Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr. Liccardi of my office and Dr. Gill of your office. I believe that this TWX satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the same subject. I do not anticipate any problems in your office receiving the S-5 70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary to expedite this matter. 1. 8. Day illiam C. Schneide cc: Dr. J. Gill Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan

━ PAGE 166 ━

1. HASA HEAD UARIKRE MR. ROLERT 0, PLAN EXPERIMENES PROGRAM CETICE MARINED SPACICRAYT CENTER 1800 TO: DR. PAUL LONIAN, GODDARD SPACE PLIOST CIPER, CROSSONIA, MARTLAND WE, LEO CHILDE, COUT ER, A MARTED EPACERART CORER IT IS RECURSED THAN YOU AUTHORIVE FEE APPROPRINTE AURBORDITES AT VEC TO REURASE THS ORIGINAL FILM OF SPOOL 3 OR MAGAZINE 8 (MHICE COVERE THE BOUTIMESTEHI U.B.) 10 KR. LEO CHILDS, MEC, FOR 2 10 3 DAYS. NR, CRILDS WILL CARRY IE TO DATA CORPORAZION, DANTON, GATO OR MEAZUREGENT OH THEIR INSEC NIC POCK TIS PURPOSE OF TURE EMEY HARRIS OF YOUR CITICS AND ANTHONY LIOCARDI, CIST, LAST NIGHT. WHILE MAKING TIKE HESOLASIOH AMAZBIS WE ARE ABICINO DASCA CORPORAKION TO MAXI FIVE (5) 6H28 CP CONTACT PRINTS AND CIR (2) NATERIALS WHICH GIVE ALMOST 2005 TRANSVER. THISE PRINTS AND FILM VILL BE USBD POR FURTHER ANALYSIS MY MOSCIRS IN THE NASHINIION ARSA.

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PAGE SHO DET. PAUL LOMMAN PRINCIPAL LNVEBTIRATOR OH SHE 5-5 EXPERTIRE BAS CONCURRED IN TENER ARRASORMENTS. IF XE UNABEROOD THAT NR, LEO CHILDS WITE SATROLAND THE FILM DI TRANSIT AND AR DADA CORPORATION. AT DATA CORPOPATION TEE COSTLACES ARS NA. WILLIAN GOROS, CHATTAN OF TIS BOARD AND MB, ROBERT BOOME. WE WILL GREATLY APPRODIATS TOUR EXPEDITINO OUR OREATITIO TICKE 70 a TELK. VILLES B. POB278 DIRSCECE MARKED SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAMS CioT wh/schneider Jocelyn B. 6121 Chief, Inflight Selenoes 7/16/65 20593 2:00 P.5. UNCLABBIZLID

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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20546 TENOHUN USA NOTIVEL IN REPLY REFER TO: SM(JRG: com) Dr. F. Saiedy U.S. Weather Bureau National Weather Satellite Center Suitland, Maryland Dear Dr. Saiedy: We are pleased to inform you that the Office of Space Science and Applications has recommended to the OFfice of Manned Space Flight that the Following experiment be flown on the early Gemini series of manned space flights: Title: Spectrophotography of Clouds Principal Investigator: Dr. F. Saiedy Sponsoring Institution: U.S. Weather Bureau National Weather Satellite Center Present plans call for ten manned Gemini missions, spaced three months apart, beginning in the last quarter of Calendar Year 1964. Overall responsibility for manned space science investigations is assigned to Mr. Willis B. Foster, Director, Manned Space Science Division, NASA Headquarters. The Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, has been assigned implementation responsibility for the Gemini scientific payload under the direction of Dr. Jocelyn Gill, Chief, In-Flight Sciences, a member of Mr. Foster's staff. you please inform Dr. Gill by letter of any co-investigator(s) officially associated with your experiment. Technical coordination for your experiment will be handled by Mr. Roy Stokes, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, telephone number, HU 3-7633. In accordance with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's policy for the release of data, experimenters granted a period of time for exclusive use of the data. For Gemini, you are granted a period of six months from the receipt of the data. If this time period is not satisfactory, please get in touch with Dr. Gill to discuss a period which would be mutually agreeable to the MASA and yourself.

━ PAGE 169 ━

- 2 - Experimenters are encouraged to publish experimental results promptly in order to inform the scientific community as early as possible. A brief analysis of experimental results with illustrations where appropriate is required to be furnished to the experiment coordinator within two weeks following the mission for the postlaunch memorandum prepared by Manned Spacecraft Center. Experimenters are also encouraged to coordinate an d exchange data among themselves in order to enhance to the fullest extent, the scientific benefits of each mission. It is important to the conduct of your ex- periment that all Gemini schedule deadlines be met and that you keep your MSC experiment coordinator in- formed on progress of your experiment at all times. We hope that the planning of your experiment and construction and integration of your flight hardware will be brought to satisfactory completion in order that your experiment, along with those of the other experimenters on the attached list, may serve to make the Gemini scientific payload a successful addition to the United States Space Program. Sincerely yours, Homer E. Newell Associate Administrator for Space Science & Applications Enclosure: List of Approved Experimenters

━ PAGE 170 ━

OPTIONAL FORM NO. 10 • MAY 1062 EDITION 3010-107 GSA GEN. REG. NO. 27 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Memorandum TO : SM/Manned Space Science DATE:22 JUL 1965 M-C MGS 1352.2 FROM : MG/Deputy Director, Gemini Program SUBJECT: Technical Analysis of Gemini (GT-4) Photography The attached TWX on the subject matter from Willis Foster to Robert Piland on July 16, 1965, has been coordinated by Mr. Liccardi of my office and Dr. Gill of your office. I believe that this TWX satisfies the request of your letter to me of July 16, 1965 on the same subject. I do not anticipate any problems in your office receiving the S-5 70MM film, however, should you encounter any difficulties my office will prepare additional authorization that may be deemed necessary to expedite this matter. Day La W11 om C. Schnelds2 William C. Schneider cc: Dr. J. Gill Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Plan

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START MESSAGE ADDRESS HERE NAME OF AGENCY NASA HEADQUARTERS ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION 5m THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICATIONS UNIT PRECEDENCE ACTION: INFO.: PRIORITY TYPE OF MESSAGE SINGLE MULTI-ADDRESS U BOOK / L UNCLASSIFLED CLASSIFICATION STANDARD FORM 14 REV. MARCH 15, 1957 GSA REGULATION 2-IX-301.00 14-304 TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE OFFICIAL BUSINESS U.S. GOVERNMENT THIS COL. FOR AGENCY USE MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spacing and all capital letters) MR. ROBERT O. PILAND EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM OFFICE MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS INFO TO: DR. PAUL LOWMAN, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MARYLAND MR. LEO CHILDS, CODE BIZZ, MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS IT IS REQUESTED THAT YOU AUTHORIZE THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITIES AT MSC TO RELEASE THE ORIGINAL FILM OF SPOOL 3 OF MAGAZINE 8 (WHICH COVERS THE SOUTHWESTERN U.S.) TO MR. LEO CHILDS, MSC, FOR 2 TO 3 DAYS. MR. CHILDS WILL, CARRY IT TO DATA CORPORATION, DAYTON, OHIO MICROSENSITOMETER. FOR MEASUREMENT ON THEIR XI CROSENEDOWNEX THE PURPOSE OF THESE MEASUREMENTS IS TO DETERMINE THE TRUE RESOLUTION OF THE S-5 70 mm PHOTOGRAPHY ON GT-4. WE REFER TO A TELEPHONE CONVERSATION BEIWEEN EMORY HARRIS OF YOUR OFFICE AND ANTHONY LICCARDI, OMSF, LAST NIGHT. WHILE MAKING THESRESOLUTION ANALYSIS WE ARE ASKING DATA CORPORATION TO MAKE FIVE (5) SETS OF CONTACT PRINTS AND ONE (1) DUPLICATE NEGATIVE OF SELECTED FRAMES USING VERY FINE-GRAINED MATERIALS WHICH GIVE ALMOST 100% TRANSFER. THESE PRINTS AND FILM WILL BE USED FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS BY AGENCIES IN THE WASHINGTON AREA. DO NOT TYPE MESSAGE BEYOND THIS LINE 962 PAGE NO. NO. OF PAGES

━ PAGE 172 ━

NAME OF AGENCY ACCOUNTING CLASSIFICATION THIS BLOCK FOR USE OF COMMUNICATIONS UNIT PRECEDENCE ACTION: INFO.: TYPE OF MESSAGE SINGLE MULTI-ADDRESS U BOOK MESSAGE TO BE TRANSMITTED (Use double spacing and all capital letters) CLASSIFICATION STANDARD FORM 14 REV. MARCH 15, 1957 GSA REGULATION 2-IX-301.00 14-304 TELEGRAPHIC MESSAGE OFFICIAL BUSINESS U. S. GOVERNMENT THIS COL. FOR AGENCY USE PAGE TWO DR. PAUL LOWMAN PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON THE S-5 EXPERIMENT HAS CONCURRED IN THESE ARRANGEMENTS. IT IS UNDERSTOOD THAT MR. LEO CHILDS WILL SAFEGUARD THE FILM IN TRANSIT AND AT DATA CORPORATION. AT DATA CORPORATION THE CONTACTS ARE MR. WILLIAM GOROG, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD AND MR. ROBERT BOONE. START MESSAGE ADDRESS HERE WE WILL GREATLY APPRECIATE YOUR EXPEDITING OUR OBTAINING THIS IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC DATA WHICH CAN BE ACQUIRED FROM THE S-5 70 mm FILM. DO NOT TYPE MESSAGE BEYOND THIS LINE WILLIS B. FOSTER DIRECTOR MANNED SPACE SCIENCE PROGRAMS ce: NG/Schneider MGS /Liccardi SM/Colvocoresses NAME AND TITLE OF ORIGINATOR (Type) Jocelyn R. G111 Jocelyn n. un ORIGINATOR'S TEL. NO 20593 Inflight Sciences message is official business, is not personal, and is in the interest of the Government. (Signature) PAGE NO. 2 NO. OF PAGES 2 DATE AND TIME PREPARED 7/16/65 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 2:00 p.n. UNCLASS IF TED * U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1964 0-724-475

━ PAGE 173 ━

SM (JEG:kby) JUL 1 4 1965 Dr. Karl G. Henize Dearborn Observatory Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois 60201 Dear Karl: Thank you so much for your letter of 24 June telling me that you were not present at the GE-4 debriefing- I am sorry you could not make it, but I am aware that the rescheduling wes most inconvenient. It was a most interesting two-day session with one day for the individual experimenters and another dsy for the general seientifle public. I an attempting to plen the next Inflight Ixperimenters meeting to oceur in juxtaposition with the Selentific Debriefing Sessions in Houston. present, we are hoping for a whole week of meetings in Houston, August 30 - September 3. So put this on your calendar with the thought that last- minute shifts are still the order of the dey in this businees. I went to congratulate you on the fine reports you have been subnitting for your 8-13 experiment and espectally the document entitled "Definitive Plan." The full documentation of your experiment is very important and I am glad to see you are keeping up with that. I went to urge you to Look into the final stages of documentation for equipment delivery et the Cape. Just this week we had a trying experience of a co-experimenter arriving with his piece of equipment and McDonnell refusing to accept it. Some 4 or 5 pleces of docunentation with "stamps," etc. were nissing and the experimenter had apparently never even heard of these pieces of paper. In the orderly assembly of the spacecraft and its equipment much documentation bas, of course, to be assembled, tine-consuning as it 1s. I suggest that you have Mr. Wackerling check very carefully into the documentation required for McDomell to accept a piece • of experimental

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2 equipment for an actual flight.in the event that you should make use of a Boggess camera. I also plan to have this as an agenda item at the next Experimenters meeting- Best of luck with your membership on the Astronomy Subcommittee. You will certainly find it educational. Have a good summer. Sincerely yours, Jocelyn R. GILl Jocelyn R. G1J1 Chief, Inflight Seiences Manned Space Selence Programs ce: Dr. Al Boggess, III/GSFC Willis B. Foster, SM Subject File Reading File SM: JRG111: kby 20593 7/12/65

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DEARBORN OBSERVATORY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY EVANSTON, ILLINOIS 60201 24 June 1965 Dr. Jocelyn Gill Chief, Inflight Sciences Branch Code SM Manned Space Science Programs NASA Headquarters Washington, D. C. 20546 Dear Jocelyn: In connection with the astronaut debriefing conference, I'm sorry if my lack of attendance has caused you any embarrassment. I simply couldn't make it on such short notice. I was at the University of Wisconsin when the news reached me on Wednesday morning. Having just driven for three hours to get there I was reluctant to turn around and leave immediately as would have been required for me to catch a late afternoon plane to Houston. I hope that it might be possible for me to attend the next debriefing in which the astronauts may be discussing either open hatch activities, spacecraft stabilization, or operation of the General Purpose Camera. As you are probably already aware, I have just received an invitation from Dr. Newell to become a member of the Astronomy Advisory Subcommittee. I am delighted both for the honor of having been so chosen and also by the implication that astronomical observations from manned space vehicles have at last been recognized as worthwhile scientific activities. thank you for your very considerable efforts in backing my original proposals and in making it possible for this whole situation to develop so favorably. Sincerely, Karl Karl G. Henize KGH: m jw

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- •GT- 4 file SM (JRA: evd) JUL 1 4 1965 TO : PROM: SUBJECT: Manned Spacecraft Center Chief, Photographic Division, Code BT2 NASA Headquarters Chief, Inflight Sciences Request for duplicate movie films and color prints of all 70 mm, hand-held pietures One copy of each of color movie films which include sunsets, sunrises, horizon bands, limb of earth and terrain views is re- quested to be forwarded to Dr. J.R. 0111, Code SM, NASA Head- quarters. Please send these air mail since this material is needed soon for preparation of an astrononical repost on ar-4. One of the most important films for this purpose 15 Magazine 9. Two sets of color prints of all color still pictures which were taken with Hasselblad 70 mm camera (on GT-4) are also requested. It will be adequate to send these by regular mail. These prints pertain mainly to the S-5 and 3-6 Gemini Experiments. Jocelyn R. Gill Jocelyn R. Gill

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GT - 4 fil SM (JRG: kby) JUL 1 1965 TO * Manned Spacecraft Center Mr. Robert O. Pliand, Deputy Manager Apollo Spacecraft Program Office FROM : Chief, Inflight Seiences Branch Manned Space Seience: Programs SUBJECT: Request for copies of transcript of voice tape from GT-4 As per our telephone conversation some days ago, the following persons will greatly appreciate receipt of copies of subject transcript, viz. 1. Dr. Franklin Roach National Bureau of Standards Bureau of Central Radio Propagation Boulder, Colorado 2, Mr. Laurence Dunkelman Institute for Defense Analyses 400 Army-Navy Drive Arlington, Virginia 3. Mrs. Winifred Cameron Code 641 Goddard Space Plight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 4. Dr. J. R. G111 Code SM NASA Headquarters Washington, D.C. 20546 Cc : MGS/Mr. Liccardi SM Reading Files CONCURRENCES: SM: JRG111: kby 20593 OFFICE CODE SIGNATURE DATE Jocelyn R. Gill Jocelyn R. G111 SM File: Sci. debriefing GT-4 file 7/1/65 OFFICIAL FILE COPY U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 16--77210-1

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SM (JRG: kby) JUN 1 7 1965 Dr. Elizabeth Roemer U.S. Navel Observatory Flagstaff Station Flagstaff, Arizona Dear Pat: Thank you so very much for responding to my request for comet photogrephs and ephenerides so that I could apprise the GT-4 astronauts on this subject. I do not know how you menaged to assemble this material and send it to me so promptly. The timing wne perfect - it arrived just in time so I could forward the comet photographs along with some other information I was mailing to them. Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that your trip was not diffieult from that atandpoint. Thanks again for your contribution to the Gr-4 mission. Best regards, Sincerely yours, Jocelyn R. Gill Jocelyn R. 0111 Chief, Inflight Setences Brench Manned Space Science Prograns co: SM Files SM:JRGjl1: kby 20593 6/7/65

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SM (JRG:kby) JUN 1 7 1965 Dr. Elizabeth Roemer U.S. Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station Flagstaff, Arizona Dear Pati Thank you so very much for responding to my request for comet photographs and ephenerides so that I could apprise the GT-4 astronauts on this subject. I do not know how you managed to assemble this material and send it to me so promptly. The timing was perfect - it arrived just in time Bo I could forward the comet photographs along with some other information I was mailing to them. Hope the western weather cleared sufficiently so that your trip was not difficult from that standpoint. Thanks again for your contribution to the CT-4 mission. Best regards, Sincerely yours, Jocelyn R. Gill Jocelyn R. G111 Chief, Inflight Selences Brench Manned Space Selence Progrems ec: SM Files SM: JRG111: kby 20593 6/7/65

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SM (JRG: khy) JUN 1 7 1965 Dr. Bibeta Roener U.S. Naval Observabory Pingotaff Station magstars, Arizoon Dear Pat: Thank you no very much for responding to my request for sonet photographs and ephenerians so that I could apprise the CP-h astronsute on this subject. I do not kaow how you minaged to assenble this aterial and send it to me so promptly. The timing was perfeit - It arrived just in time so I could forvard the conet photographs along with none other inforation I wer mailing to them. Hope the westera weather cleared suffietently so that your trip wee not diffioult from that etendpoint- Thanks again for your contribution to the CT-4 mission. Best regardes Sincerely yours, Jocelyn R. Gl Jocelyn R. 0111 Chief, Inflight Selences Breach Henned Space Science Programs cc: SM Files SM: JRG111: kby 20593 6/7/65

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SM (JROtkby) JUN 1 7 1965 De. ELissbeth Booner U.S. Naval Observatory Plagstaff Station Pingstaft, Arizons Dear Pat: Think you so very much for responding to my request for ennet photogrepas and ephenorides no that I could apprise the OT-4 astronnute on this subject. I do not know bow you minaged to aesenole tass meterial and send 1e to me so prospily. The tining vas perfect - It arrived juet in time so I could tonna the comet photographe along with eone other information I uns mailing to them. Hope the vestora weather clered sufflelently so that your trip was not difficult from that atandpoint. Thanks gain for your conuribation to the OP-h mieston. Best regardes Sincerely yours, Jocelyn R, Cla Jocelyn R. 6122 Chief, Inflight Sefences Breach Nanned Space Seteace Programs cc: SM Files SM: JRG111: kby 20593 6/7/65

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GANG AND TRAC ADM NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON. D. C. 20546 U.S.A IN REPLY REFER TO: SM- (JRG: kby) Dear We are enclosing lists of Gemini photographs for Missions IV through Vill which you requested. These include the numbers that Creative Arts* can utilize in filling orders. Gemini IV material can be ordered by the magazine, spool, Irame numbers. (Example: Gemini IV, Magazine 16, Spool 5, Frame 31). the Gemini V, VI, VII, and VIII material can be ordered by the "HO" number (Example: 65-HC-701) • Note that the column "GET" signifies ground elapsed time and can be converted to GMT, which is Greenwich Mean Time. We hope this information will answer your needs. Thank you for your interest in the Gemini photographs. Sincerely yours, Freelyn R. fill Jocelyn R. Gill Manned Flight Experiments Office Enclosures: Lists of Gemini IV, V, VI, VII, VIII photographs * Creative Arts At tn : Mr. Tinsley 814 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C.

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Ele Sem TE (EARTN ATLAS) Sw Strip phite (P Laumen) femini TU GS U.S POSTAGE 22.20 From NORTHERN ARIZONA SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND ART, INC. FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA P. O. Box 1389 Order No. SG National Aeronautics & Space Admih. Jode: a Dr. Jocelyn R. G111 Washington, D. C. 20546 .CLASS MAIL Insured Parcel Post Book Post Printed Matter EXPRESS ] Prepaid • Collect • Pieces Value... Contents: POSTMASTER: This parcel may be opened for postal inspection if necessary. RETURN POSTAGE GUARANTEED

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ARIZONA SONORA *6

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