CIA-UAP-002, Scientific Advisory Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects, Report, 1952-1953 

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HS/HC 475 Flying Objects DECLASSIFIED Authority: NND 917075 RG 243 CIA FOLDER 90

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SECURITY INFORMAT FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON 25, D. C. OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR APR 1 8 1953 Mr. Richard D. Drain Secretary Intelligence Advisory Committee 2430 E Street, N. W. Washington 25, D. C. Dear Mr. Drain: We have carefully studied the report of the Panel of Scientific Consultants on the subject of "Unidentified Flying Objects, " which you sent this Agency on March 13. The conclusions of the Panel and its recommendations, particularly in terms of public education, are of con- siderable interest in connection with the civil defense program. We appreciate your indicated willingness to assist in implementing the appropriate aspects of the Panel's report as applicable to Civil Defense, and suggest that a conference be arranged for a full discus- sion of the subject on a mutually satisfactory date. Sincerely, Val Peterson THE GEA KUPS REVIEWE HAS NO OBJECTION LASGIFICATION OF ДЕРО 0233768 BATE 7 JUN 9) SECRE SECURITY INFORMATION 400164

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ST Securit Cremation. 13 March 1953 Nr. Bavard T- Dickluson Vice Chairian, lational Security Besources Board Room 211 Executive Office Buslaing Vashington 25, D. C. Dear Ar. Dickinson: The Director of Centzal Intelligence has asked that you be furnished a copy of the attached report prepared by a panel of selentista on the subjeet of Unidentifled Flying Objecta. panel was convened at the direction of General Salth, following the reconsendation of the Intelligence Aivisory Comnittee The conelusions and recounendations may be of interest to you, in that they point out certain potential dangers to national security which are rolated to the subject and suggest ways of their elinination. Although thie Ageney does not consider problens arising frou sightings of Flying saucers primarily its concers, we sball Le plessed to asslat in any appropriate action that you my deem ad- visable. Coplea of this report are also being sent to the Secretary of This doctfent has been approved for releasa through Federal cil defense laministration. CÃO HISPORINNE, RETIRIN PROGRAM O9 Sincerely yours, the Contral, intelligenco Agenny. Daco 7 JUN 91 HRE 89-2 RICHARD D. DRAZN Secretary Intelligence Advinory Comittee Enclosure Distribution: Orig. and 1 - Addressee 1 - DD/I 1 - Admin Piles 1 - AD/SI 1 - De Security *formation material contains Information affecting national defen the United Star vilth meaning ot the espionaga Title 18, USG, Goes. 793 and 4, and f mission or revel of which in any me oner to lorized persen is prohibite 400/64

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S ormation 13 March 1953 The Honorable The Secretary of Defense Department of Defense Washington 25, D. C. Dear Mr. Secretary: The Director of Central Intelligence has asked that you be furnished a copy of the attached report prepared by a panel of scientists on the subject of "Unidentified Flying Objects," This panel was convened at the direction of General Smith, following the rècommendation of the Intelligence Advisory Committee. The conclusions and recommendations may be of interest to you, in that they point out certain potential dangers to national security, which are related to the subject and suggest ways of their elimination. Although this Agency does not consider problens arising from sightings of "flying saucers" primarily its concern, we shall be pleased to assist in any appropriate action that you may deem ad- visable. Coples of tito report are aleo beting sent to the Federal civil pension Defense and to the Chairman, National Security Resources Board. Sincerely yours, RICHARD D. DRAIN Secretary Intelligence Advisory Committee Enclosure Distribution: Orig and 1 -- Addressee 1 -- DCI 1 -- DD/I 1 -- Admin Files 1 -- AD/SI OIC:RDD: KR (13 March 1953) Secur This arial contains inform affecting sailonal c the United Sta of the esplan, Boos. 793 ormation er re isa of the meaning Title 13, USG, 794, and th ission don of which in any mamer to mauthorized person is prohibifad by 8W.

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Securit rmation 13 March 1953 The Honorable Val Peterson Administrator, Federal Civil Defense Administration 1930 Columbia Road, N. W. Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Peterson: The Director of Central Intelligence has asked meat you be furnished a copy of the attached report prepared by a panel of scientists on the subject of "Unidentified Flying Objects." panel was convened at the direction of General Smith, following the recommendation of the Intelligence Advisory Committee. The conclusions and recoumendations may be of interest to you, in that they point out certain potential dangers to national security, which are related to the subject and suggest ways of their elimination. Although this Agency does not consider problems arising from sightings of "flying saucers" primarily its concern, we shall be pleased to assist in any appropriate action that you may deem ad- Copies of this report are also being sent to the Secretary of Defense and to the Chairman National Security Resources Boardr, secutes oly yours, of state. RICHARD D. DRAIN Secretary Intelligence Advisory Committee Enclosure Distribution: Orig and 1 -- Addressee 1 -- DCI 1 -- DD/I 1 -- Admin Files 1 -- AD/SI OIC:RDD:KR (13 March 1953) Secur This matartal confalns Informat cling the national defon the Un • Statos with t? loaning of the espion lav Title 18, USC, Sons, 193 and 1 ed transmission or revelatio which Nany manner to an unal arized person is pre Hibited by Cormation"

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Securi mation (FORM LETTER] 12 March 1953 Mr. C. D. Jackson Special Assistant to the President The White House Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Jackson: Mr. Robert Anory, Jr., Assistant Deputy Director/Intel- ligence, has asked me to forward to you for your information the enclosed report "Report of the Seientific Panel on Unidentified Flying Objects", dated January 17, 1953 This report was prepared by a panel convened in January 1953 at the direction of the former Director of Central Intelli- gence, General Walter B. Suith, with the concurrence of the Intelligence Advisory Coumittee Copies are being transmitted to the Secretary of Defense; the Director, Federal Civil Defense Administration; and the Chairuan, National Security Resources Board. Sincerely yours, RICHARD D. DRAIN Secretary Intelligence Advisory Committee OIC:RDD: KR (12 March 1953) O S I Securit rmation

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SE Securit xmation One copy of the attached form letter sent to each of the following: Mr. Robert Cutler 224 Executive Office Building Mr. C. D. Jackson Special Assistant to the President The White House Mr. James S. Lay Executive Secretary National Security Couneil 302-A Executive Office Building Mr. George Morgan Psychological Strategy Board 708 Jackson Place Mr. Tracey Barnes Pychological Strategy Board 708 Jackson Place Securi amation

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SE Securi nation JAN 17 1953 REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC PANEL UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS 1. Pursuant to the request of the Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence, the undersigned Panel of Scientific Consultants has net to evaluate any possible threat to national security posed by Unidentifled Flying Objecte ("Flying Saucere"), and to make recommendations thereon. The Penel has received the evidence as presented by cognizant intelli- gence agencies, primerily the Air Technical Intelligence Center, and has revieved a selection of the best documented incidents. 2. As a result of its considerstions, the Penel concludes: 8. That the evidence presented on Unidentified Flying Objects shows no indication that these phenomena constitute a direct physical threat to national security. We finly believe that there is no residuum of cases which indicates phenonena which are attributable to foreign artifacts capable of hostile This document has been approved for relense throuch the HTSTORICAL REVIEW PROGRAM BL the Contral. Intelligence Agency. acts, and that there ia no evidence that the phenomena indicate a need for the revision of current scientifie concepts. 7 JUN 91 13. 89-2 Date HRP The Panel further concludes: 8. That the continued emphasis on the reporting of these phenomena does, in these parlous times, result in a threat to the orderly functioning of the proteetive organs of the body politic. We cite as examples the clogging of channels of communication by irrelevant reports, the denger of being led by continued false alerms to ignore real S B T 400/64

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8 E Securi ormation indications of hostile action, and the cultivation of a morbid netional. psychology in waich skillful hostile propaganda could induce bysterica) behavior and harmful distrust of duly constituted authority. 4. In order most elfectively to strengthen the national facilities for the tinely recognition and the appropziate handling of true indications of hostile action, end to minimize the conconitant dangers alluded to above, the Panel recommends: 8.. That the nationel security agencies take imediate steps to strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status they have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately acquired; b. That the national security agencies institute policies on intelligence, training, and public education designed to prepare the material defenses and the morale of the countzy to recognize most pronpily and to react nost effectively to true indications of hostile intent or action. We suggest that these aims may be achleved by an integrated program designed to reassure the publie of the total lack of evidence of inimical forces behind the phenomena, to train personnel to recogize and reject false indications quickly and effectively, and to strengthen reguler channels for the evaluation of and prompt reaction to true indications of hostile neasures. (e/ Lloya v. Berknes Associated Universities, Inc. s/ I. P. Robertson California Institute of Technology Unterate. Avertornia , Chairman 130 8a ven datonet saboratories /в/ Thornton rAS ohns Hopkins Üniversit S E T -2

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S Security me tion SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL ON UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS 24 - 17 January 1953 TAB B INIDENCE PRESENTED I. Setty Choe so hotma aS alhtinga 1952 - 1952 (Balested by 2. ATIC Statue and Progress Reports of Projoat GRDUGE and Projeet BLUE BOOK (code names for ATIC atudy of subject) • 3. Progress Reports of Project STORK (code name for Battelle Mamortal Institute contract work supporting ATIC). 4a Sumnary Report of Sightings at Helloman Air Force Base, Mew Mexico. 5. Report of USAF Research Center, Cambridge, Mass-, Investigation of "Groen Mrebel]" Phenomena (Projeet TWINKLE) • 6. Outline of Investigation of U.F.0,'a Proposed by Kirtland Air Farce Base (Project POUNCE) • 7. Motion Ploture Filme of sightings at Tremonton, Utah, 2 July 1952 and Great Falls, Montana, August 1950, 9. Draft of mamal: "How to Make a FLIOERPI", prepared at ATIC. 10, Chart Showing Plot of Geographic Location of Unexplained Sightings in the United States during 1952. 11. Chart Showing Balloon Launching Sites in the United States. 12. Charts Showing Selected Actual Balloon Flight Paths and Relation to Reported Sightings. 13. Charts Showing Frequency of Reports of Sightings, 1948 - 1952. I4o Charts Showing Categories of Explanations of Sightings. Kodachrome Transparencies of Polyathylane F1im Balloons in Bright Sunlight Showing High Reflectivity. S Security ET Informetion

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Security ET mation TAB B 16. Motion pieture of seagulls in bright sunlight showing high reflectivity. 17. Intelligence Reporta Relating to U.S.S.Ro Interest in U. S. Sightings. 18. Semples of Offisinl USAP Reporting Forms and Coplea of Pertinent Ais Forco, Army and Navy Orders Relating to Subject. 19. Semple Polyethylone "Pillow" Balloon (54 inches square) • 20. "Veriations in Radar Coverage", JANP 301 (Marual 1lJustrating umuel operating characteristics of Service radar). 21. Miscellaneous official letters and foreign intelligence reports dealing with subjeot. 22. Copies of popular published worke dealing with mibject (artialon in periodicals, newspaper clippings and books). S E Senur 1> tion

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formation SCIRNITRIC ADVISORY PANEL ON UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS 14, - 1/ January 1953 MEMBERS.. ORGANIZATION Dro Ho P. Robertaon(Chairmen) California Inatitute of Technology Iro Iaia W. Alvaroz Univeraity of Cal1fornia De, Lloyd V. Berler Dro Samuel Goudsmit Associated Univer- sities, Inao Brookheven National Laboratories Dro Thoraton Page Office of Research Operations, Johns Hopkina University ASSOCIATE MIMBIRS Deo Ja Allen Hynok Mr. Frederick C. Durant Chio State Univer sity Arthur Do Littlo, Inco INVERY TEW DES Brigo Gen. William M. Garland (amanding General, ATIC Dr. H. Marshal]. Chadwell Asa stant Director, O,SI, GIA Mora Ralph Lo Clavic Deputy Assistant Direttor, O/SI, CIA S Securi LET rme tion TAB FINED OF COMERNENCY Physics, weapons systeme Physica, rades Goophysica Atonio structure, statistica? probleng Astronomy, Astro- physics Astronomy Rockets, guided mi sBile Scientific and technical 1ate]21- gence Scientifle and technical intelli- gence Scientific and technical intelli- gence

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cumetion TAB ANTEL ORGANXZATION ETEED OF. COMPECANEX Nr. Philip G. Strong Chief, Operations Staff, O/SI, CIA Selentatia and Sochnical Intolil- genne Meo Stephan I. Pomeomy Asting Chief, Speatal Stady Groap, D/X USAR SelentiPle and tochntcal intelii» gezne Capt. Bdverd 2. Ruppelt, USAY Chief, Aerlal Phenonana Sefentifte and Brangh, AFIC, USAT toahnical Jatol18 BeDce Aero Engo Mr. J. Dewey Tommnet, Jr. Ito Ro 3. Neasheng USN The Echyl Corporetion Us Photo Interpretem tion Laboratorys Ansoostia Photo Intergretation Nº. Hazzy Neo Uor thoto Interpreten tion Labiratory. Annoestis Photo interprotation Se 6l0g

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S-E-G-B-E-T Security Information IAC-D-67 18 February 1953 INTELLIGENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS 1. Transmitted herewith is a copy of the report (Tab A) of the scientific panel convened as a result of the action taken by the Intelligence Advisory Committee on 4 December (IAC-M-90, paragraph 3A) on this subject. Attached to the report are a summary of evi- (Tab resented (Iab B) and a list of the personnel participating 2. It is proposed to transmit copies of this report to the Secretary of Defense; the Director, Federal Civil Defense Adminis- and the Chairman, National Security Resources Board for their information and such action as they may feel necessary. 3. The results of the panel's studies have moved CIA to conclude that no National Security Council Intelligence Directive on this sub- ject is warranted. 4. Please inform the undersigned by 25 February 1953 if you do not concur in the action and conclusions contained in paragraphs 2 and 3, above. JAMES Q. REBER Secretary Mrs. Powell called 24 Feb and said that Mr. Amory said when approved release to those mentioned in paragrapia 2, copies should be sent to Vr-, Cytler - 120484 office 882g. ir! Tar - NS C. D. Jackson Tracey Barnes George Morgan 3818 white It mus 2042 PS 13 Lelen 70l8 tacles an Al S-E ErR-E-T IAC-D-67 18 February 1953

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p00 Sceu: arms bion REPORT OF MEETINGS OF SCINVITFIC ADVISORY PANEL ON UNIDENTIPIED FIXING OBJECES CONVENED BY OFFICE OF SCTENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE, CIA Jamairy 34 - 18, 2953 F. C. DURANT 300 x E.T ormation

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SE Securi / iation INDE Purpose Part Is Hatozy of Meetings of Panel Fart IIs Comments and Suggestions of Panel Gansra? On Lack of Danger Air Force Reporting System Artifacts of Fatraterrestial Origin Tremonton, Utah, Sighting Potential Rolated Dangers Geographie Locations of Unplained Sightings Instrumentation to Obtain Data Radar Problen of Mutual, Interference Unexplained Cosmie Ray Phenomena Educational Progrem Unofficial Investigating Groups Inorease in Jamber of Sightings Report of Panel Idst of Personnel Concerned with Meetings Idat of Dormentary Ividence Presented S Secure formetion Page 8 9 10 11 15 25 16 18 19 29 23 24 Tab Tab B Tab C

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S Securit ET Information PART TIL COMMINTS AND SUGGESTIONS OF PANDE GENERAL The Panel. Members were impressed (as have been others, includ ing O/SI personnel) in the lack of sound data in the great majority of case histories; also, in the lack of speedy follow-up due primarily to the modest size and limited facilities of the ATIC section concerned. Among the case histarles of significant sightings discussed in detetl were the followings Bellefontaine, Ohio (1 August 1952); Tremonton, Utah (2 July 1952); Great Falls, Montena (15 August 1950) 3 Teak, Montana (1 September 1952) 3 Washington, D. Go area (19 July 1952); and Heneda A.F.B., Japan (5 August 1952), Port Furon, Michigan (29 July 1952); and Presque Isle, Maine (I0 October 1952). After review and discussion of these cases (and about 15 others, in loss detail), the Panel concluded that reasonable explanations could be suggested for most sightings and "by deduetion and seientific method it could be induced (given additional data) that other cases night be explained in a similar namer". The Panel pointed out that because of the brevity of some sightings (e.g. 2-3 seconds) and the Imbility of the witnesses to expreas themselves elearly (semantics). that conclusive explanations could not be expected for every case reported. Furthernore, It was considered that, normally, It would be a great waste of effort to try to solve most of the sightings, unless such action would beneflt a training and educational program (see below). The writings of Charles Fort were referenced to show SE SeourisT Information •7-

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S normation that "strange things in the sky" had been recorded for hundreds of years. It appeared obvious that there was no single explanation for a majority of the things sean. The presence of radar and astro- nomical specialists on the Panel proved of value at once in their confident recognition of phenomena related to their flelds. It wan apparent that apocialists In such additional flolas as paychology, meteorology, acedynanies, ornithology and military air operationa would extend the ability of the Panol to recognize mny more oate- gories of little-known phenomena. ON TACK OF DANGER The Panel concluded unanimously that there was no evidence of a direct threat to national security in the objects sighted. Instances of "Foo Fighters" were cited. These were unexplained phenomens sighted by aircraft pilots during World Wer II in both Buropean and Far Fast theaters of operation wherein "balls of light" would fly near or with the aircraft and maneuver rapidly. They were believed to be eleutrostatie (similar to St. Elmo's fire) or electro- magnetic phenomena or possibly light reflections fron ice crystals in the air, but their exct cause of nature was never defined. Both Robertson and Alvares had been concerned in the investigation of these phenomena, but David T. Grigga (Professor of Geophysics at the University of California at Los Angeles) is believed to have been the most knowledgeable person on this subject. If the tern "flying saucers" had been popular in 1943 - 1945, these objecta would SEC Secur? Information

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SE Securit mation have been so labeled. It was interesting that in at least two cases reviewed that the object sighted was categorized by Roberton and Alvarez as probably "Foo Fighters", to date unexplained but noc dangerous, they were not happy thus to disies the sightings by calling them names. It was their feeling that these phenomena are not beyond the domain of present knowledge of physical science; hotewer. ATR. FORCE ROPORTING SYSTEM It was the Panel's opinion that sone of the Air Porce concern over V.F.0.'a (notulthatending Air Dafense Command anxloty over fast radar tracks) was probably caused by public pressure. The result today. is that the Air Force has instituted a fine channel for receiving reports of hearly anything anyone sees in the sky and fails to understand. This has been particularly encouraged in popu- lar articles on this and other subjects, such as space travel and science fiction. The result is the mass receipt of low-grade reports which tend to overload channels of communication with material quite • irrelevant to hostile objecta that might some day appear. The Panel agreed generally that this mess of poor-quality reports containing littlo, If any, scientifie data vas of no value. Quite the oppoaite, it was possibly dangerous in having a military service foster public concern in "nocturnal meandering lights". The implication being, since the interested agency was military, that these objects were or might he potential direct threats to national security. Accord- Ingly, the need for deemphasization made itself apperent. Comments on a possible educational program are emmerated below. Securit ET In mation

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S DEBET Securi balarmation It was the opinion of Dr. Robertson that the "saucer" problem had been found to be different in nature fran the detection and Investigation of Germen V-l and V-2 guided missiles prior to their operational use in World Wer II. In this 1943-1944 intelligence operation (CROSSBOW), there was excellent intelligence and by Juno 1944, there was material evidence of the udstence of "hardware" obtained from crashed vehicles in Sweden. This evidence gave the investigating team a basis upon which to operate. The absence of any "hardware" resulting from unexplained U.F.0, sightings lends a "will- of-the wisp) nature to the ATIC problem. The results of their investi- gation, to date; strongly indicate that no evidence of hostile act or danger exits. Furthermore, the current reporting systen would have little value in the case of detection of enamy attack by conven- tional aireraft or guided missiles; under such conditions "hardware" would be available almost at once. ARTIFACTS OF EXTRATERRESTIAL, ORIGIN It was interesting to note that none of the members of the Panel were loath to accept that this earth might be visited by extra- terrestrial intelligent beings of some sort, some day. What they did not find was any evidence that related the objects sighted to apace travelers. Mr. Fournet, in his presentation, showed how he had elin- inated each of the known and probable causes of sightings leaving him "extra-terrestial" as the only one renaining in many cases. Fournet's background as an aeronautical engineer and technical intelligence XET Securkty Information -100

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S B CRET Security nformation officer (Project Officer, BLUBBOOK for 15 monthe) could not be Blighted. However, the Panel could not accept any of the cases sighted by him because they were raw, unevaluated reports. Terrestrial explanations of the sightings were suggested in some cases and in others the time of sighting was so short as to cause suspleion of visual impressions. It was noted by Dr. Goudemit and others that extraterrestrial artifacts, if they did exist, are no cause for alarm; rather, they are in the realm of natural phenomena subject to soientific study, just as comic rays were at the time of their discovery 20 to , 30 yoars ago. This was an attitude in which Dr. Robertson did not concur, as he felt that such artifaots would be of immediate and great concern not only to the U. S. but to all countries. (Nothing like a comon threat to unite peoples!) Dr. Page noted that present astronomical knowledge of the solar systen makes the edstence of intelligent beinge (as we know the term) olsewhere than on the earth extremely unlikely, and the concentration of their attention by any controllable means confined to any one continent of the earth quite preposterous. TREVONTON, UTAR, SIGHTING This case was considered significant because of the excellent documentary evidence in the form of Kodachrome motion pioture f1lms (about 1600 frames). The Panel studied these f1lms, the case history, ATIC's interpretation, and received a briefing by representatives of the USN Photo Interpretation Laboratory on their analysis of the f1lm. This team had expended (at Air Force request) approximately S ES BET Security Information

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S E Securi A T mation 1000 man-hours of professional and sub professional time in the preparation of graph plots of individual franes of the film, show Ing apparent and relative motion of objects and variation in their light intensity. It was the opinion of the P.I.L. representatives that the objects sighted were not birds, balloons or aircraft, were "not reflections because there was no blinking while passing through 60° of are" and were, therefore, "selfoluminous". Plots of motion and variation in light intensity of the objects were dis- played. While the Panel Members were impressed by the evident enthusian, industay and extent of effort of the P.I.I. team, they could not accept the conclusions reached. Some of the reasons for this were as followss 8, A semi-spherical objet can readily produce a reflestion of sunlight without "blinking" through 60° of are travel. b. Although no data was available on the "albedo" of birds ce polyethylene balloons in bright sunlight, the apperent motions, sizes and brightnesses of the objects were considered strongly to suggest birds, particularly after the Panel viewed a short film showing high reflectivity of seagulls in bright sunlight. 8. P.I.I. description of the objects sighted as "eirouler, bluish-white" in color would be expected in cases of specular reflections of sunlight from conver surfaces where the brilliance of the reflection would obscure other portions of the object. SE Security - 1200 B T rmation

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use amation .d. Objects in the Great Falla case were bolieved to have probably boin aireraft, and the bright lights ouch refleetions. •, There was no valid reason for the attempt to relate the objecta in the Tremonton sighting to those in the Great Falls sight» 1ng. This may have been due to misunderstanding in their directive. The objects in the Great Falla sighting aro strongly suspected of being reflections of aircraft nown to have been in the area. l The intensity change in the Tremonton lights was too great for acceptance of the P.I.L. hypothesis that the apparent motion and changing intensity of the lights indicated extremaly high speed in snall orbital paths. Go Apparent lack of guidance of investigators by those familiar with U.F.0, reports and explanations. ho Analysis of light intensity of objects made from duplicate rather than original film. The original f1ln was noted to have a much lighter background (affecting rolative brightness of object) and the objects appeared mich less bright. 1. Method of obtaining data of light intensity appeared faulty because of unsuitability of equipment and questionable assumptions in maling averages of readings. jo No data had been obtained on the sensitivity of Kodachrome f1lm to light of various intensities using the same camera type at the same lens openings. S Security ormation -130

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S Secu nformation ko Hand "jitter" frequencies (obtainable from early part of Tremonton film) were not removed fron the plots of the "single pasa plote" at the and of the film. The Panel belleved strongly that the data available on thin sighting was su?ficient for positive identification 1f further date 1s obtained by photographing polyethylene "pillow" balloons reloased near the aite under sintlar weather conditions, checking bird flight and reflection characteristion with competent ornithologista and calculating apparent "G" forces acting upon objects fron their apparent tracks. It was concluded that the resulta of such tests would prob ably lead to creditable explanations of value in an educational or training program. However, the Panel noted that the coat in teabnieal manpower affort required to follow up and 'explain every ons of the thousand or more reports received through charnels each year (2,900 in 1952) could not be justified. It was felt that there will always be sightings, for which complete data is lacking, that can only be explained with disproportionate effort and with a long time delay, 18 at all. The long delay in explaining a sighting tends to eliminate any intelligence value. The educational or training progran should have as a major purpose the elimination of popular feeling that every sighting, no matter how poor the data, must be explained in detail. Attention should be directed to the requirement among scientists that a new phenomens, to be accepted, must be completely and convincingly documented. In other words, the burden of proof is on the sighter, not the explainer. SEAS Securely

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SEN Securi formation FOX ENTIAL RELATED DANG PRE The Panel Members were in agrement with o/SI opinion that, although evidence of any dizest threat fran these sightings wes wholly lacking, related dangers might well exist resulting frons 8o Misidentification of actual enemy artifacts by defense personnel. bo Overloading of emergency reporting chamels with "false" information ("noise to signal ratio" anslogy Berkner). Co Subjectivity of publie to mass hysteris and greater vulm nitability to possible enemy paychological warfare. Although not the concern of CIA, the firet two of those problems may seriously affect the Ar Defense Intolligence syston, and should be studied by experts, possibly under ADC. IF U.7.0.'e become die- credited in a reaction to the "flying saucer" soare, or if reporte ing channels are saturated with false and poorly documented reports, our capability of detecting hostile activity will be reduced. Dr. Page noted that more competent screening or filtering of reported nightings at or near the source is required, and that this can beat bo accomplished by an educational program. GDOGRAPHTC LOCATIONS OF UNDXPLAINED SIGHTINGS The map prepared by ATIC showing geographie locations of officially reported unexplained sightinge (1952 only) was examined by the Panel. This map showed clusters in certain strategic areas such as Los Alamos. Thia might be explained on the basis of 24-hour vatchful guard and SEX " ET Securtly Ins ormation 015-

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CRET Security formation wareness of security measures near such locations. On the other hand, there had bean no sightings in the veinity of sensitive relatod AE establishments while there were occasionally mltiple cases of uneseplained sightinge in non-strategie areas. Furthermore, there appeared to be no logical relationahip to population denters. The Panel could find no ready explanation for these clusters. It was noted, however, that if terrestrial artifacts were to be observed it would be likely that they would be seen first near foreign areas rather than central U. S. INSTRUMPNTATION TO OBTAIN DATA The Panel was of the opinion that the present ATIC program to place 100 inexponsivo 35 man. atereo canaras in the hends of various airport control tower operators would probably produce little valu- able date related to U.F.O.'s. However, it was recognized that such action would tend to allay publie concern in the subjeet until an educational program had taken effect. It was believed that pro- curement of these cameras was pertly the result of publie pressure In July 1952. With the poor resulta of the year-long Project TWINKLE program of 24-hour instrumentation watch (two frames of f1lm showing nothing distinguishable), a widespread program of sky- watching would not be expected to yield mich direct data of value. Thore was considerable discussion of a possible "sky patro]" by amateur astronomers (Hynek) and by wide-angle cameras (Page). Dr. Page and De. Robertaon pointed out that at present a considerable fraction SE ET Security Internation -160

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S Seous * ET Normation of the sky la nol-and has been for many years-under survellence every clear night in several meteor and aurora observing programs as vell as sky mapping programs at tho various locations listed below. Although the attention of those atronomes is largely directed toward identified rather than unidentified objects, no case of any striling unidentified object is nown to Dr. Page or Dr. Hynek. Such an object would nost certainly ba reported if found on patrol plates. A case was cited where an astronomer refusod to interrupt his oxposure in order to photograph an alleged sighting in a different part of the sky. This led Dr. Hynek to say that, if a program of watching could be an adjunct of planned astronomical prograns, Little cost would be involved and that the trained astronomical personnel might photograph a sighting of an unidentified object. The location of some of these programs and their directors are believed to bea a. Harvard University, Cambridge and New Mexico (meteor patrol) - Whipple. b. Terkes Observatory, University of 'Chicago and Fort Davis, Texas (several prograns) Meinel (aurorae), Kulper (asteroids), Morgan (wide angle caméra) . c. University of Alasica, Fairbanks (auroras) - Elvey d. Dominion Observatory, Ottawa (meteors) --MIlTmata •. Palonar Observatory, Californie (sky map) Minicouskl I. Llck Observatory, California (sky nap) Shane SE Securles HE T ormation -177-

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S SCRET Infoination It was agroed by the Panel that no goveriment-sponsored program of optical nationwide sky patrol is worthuhile at the present time, and that the encouragement of entour astronomers to undertake such a program night have the adverse effent of over-emphanizing "flying saucer™ stortes in the publie mind. Hovever, the lane of reder leeope cameras for recording peculiar radar echoes would serve several pur ровев, Including the better understanding of radar interference an vell as identification of U.r.0.'a. RADAR PROBLEM OF MINUAL, INTEREPRENCE This characteristic problen of radar operation wherein the pulse aignal (of approximately the same frequency) from station A may be pieked up on the screen of station B and show as a high-speed track or series of dota was recognized to have probably caused a mmber of U.F.0, reports. This problem was underlined by information received indicating ADC concern in solving this problem of signal identification before service uno, of very high-apeed aircraft or guided misailos (1955-1956). Dr. Berker belleved that one answer to this problem vas the use of a "doppler filter" In the receiving eircult. Dr. Alvarez suggested that the problem might be better solved by the use of a "controlled jitter" wherein the operator receiving "very fast tracka" (on the order of 1000- 10,000 mop.h.) would operate a eircuit which would alter alightly his station's pulse frequency rate. Il the signal received on the screen had been caused by mutual interference with another station, the track would now show itself at a different distance S BORET Security Intocation -18-

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S Securit osmation from the center of the screen, 1f it still appeared at all, Dr. Alvarez felt such a technical solution was simpler and would cost much less thar a "doppler filter" URISEPLATNED COSMIC RAY PHENOMENA Iwo reported cases were examineds one at Paloner Nountain, California, In October 1949, when coumie ray counters went "off soale for a few seconds", apparently while a "ye of flying saucers was observed visually! and two, a sories of observations by the "Los Alamos Bird Watchers Association" from August 1950 to January 1952, when conte ray coincidence counters behaved quearly. Circuit diagrams and records were available for the latter, and Dr. Alvarez was able quickly to point out that the recorded data were undoubtedly due to instrumental effects that would have been recognized as such by more experienced observers. The implication that radloactive effects were correlated with unidentified flying objects in these two cases was, therefore, rejested by the Panel. EDUCATIONAL, PROGRAM The Panel's concept of a broad educational program integrating efforts o fall. concerned agencies was that it should have two majos ainas training and "debunking". The training aim would result in proper recognition of umaally 11luninated objects (e•fo, balloons, aireraft reflections) as well as natural phenonena (neteors, firebelle, nirages, noctilucent clouds). Both visual and radar recognition are concerned. There would be many SEABET Security InKormation -19.-

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S Seouris DET Cormation Levels in such education from enlisted persomel to connend and research personnel. Relative emphasis and degroe of explanation of different programs would correspond to the categories of duty (e,Bo, radar operatore; pilota; control tover operators; Ground Observer Corps personnel; and officers and enlisted men in other categories. This training should result in a marked reduction in reporta caused by misidentification and resultant confusion, The "debunking" aim would result in redustion in public interest In "Flying saucerg" which today evokes a strong psychological reaction. This education could be accomplished by mass media such as taleviaion, motion pictures, and popular articles. Basia of such education would be actual case histories which had been puzzling at first but later explained. As in the case of conjuring tricks, there is much leBa stimulation if the "secret" is known, Such a program should tend to reduce the current gullibility of the public and consequently their susceptibility to clever hostile propaganda. The Panel noted that the general absence of Russian propaganda based on a subject with so many obvious possibilities for exploitation might indicate a possible Rusalan official polley. Membera of the Panel had various suggestions related to the plan- ning of such an educational program. It was felt strongly that paychologists familiar with mass psychology should advise on the nature and extent of the program. In this connection, Dr. Hadley Cantr1] (Princeton University) was suggested. Cantril authored "Invasion fron BOR LI ecuntry Informatio

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S Securit ormation Yars", (a study in the paychology of panic, written about the famous Orson Welles radio broadcast in 1998) and has ainne performed advanned laboratory studies in the field of porception. The names of Don Marquis (University of Michigan) and Leo Rosten were mentioned as possibly suitable as consultent peychologista. Also, someone fantliar with masa coumunication techniques, perhaps an advertising expert, would be helpful. Arthur Godfrey was mentioned as possibly a valuable charmel of conmundeation reaching a mass audience of certain levels. Dr. Berkne suggested the U. S. Navy (ORR) Special Devices Center, Sands Point, Lo Iog as a potentially valuable organization to assist in such an educational program. The teaching techniquas used by this agenoy for aircraft identification during the past war was eited as an example of a similar educational task. The Jam Handy Co. which made World War II training f1ims (motion pieture and slide strips) was alao suggested, as well as Walt Disney, Inc, animated cartoons. Dr. Hynek suggested that the amteur astronomera in the U. S. might be a potential source of enthusi- astic talent "to spread the gospel". It was believed that business clube, high schools, colleges, and television stations would all be pleased to cooperate in the showing of documentary type motion plotures if prepared in an interesting manner. The use of true cases showing first the "nystery" and then the "expination" would be forceful. To plan and execute such a progren, the Panel believed was no meen task. The current Investigatory (roup at ATIC would, of necessity, have to be closely integrated for support with respect to not only the S E ET Security Intoxuation 021-

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Secur Sormation historical cases but the current ones. Recent cases are probably mun more susceptible to explanation than older ones first, because of ATIC's experience and, secondly, their knowlodge of nost plausible oxplanations. The Panel believed that some expansion of the ATIC effort would certainly be required to support such a program. It was believed Inappropriate to state exactly how large a Teble of Organization would be requirad. Captain Ruppelt of ATIC unofficially proposed, for purporea of anslyzing and evaluating reportes a, An analysts' panel of four officera Do Four officer investigatore C. A briefing officer do An ADO liaison officer e. A weather and balloon data officer I. An astronomical consultant go A Group Leader, with administrative assistant, file clerke and stenographers. This proposal met with generally favorable comment. The Fanel belloved that, with ATIC's support, the educational program of "train- ing and debunking" outlined above night be required for a minfmun of one and one-half to two years. At the end of this time, the dangers related to "flying saucars" should have been greatly reduced if not eliminated. Cooperation from other nilitary services and agencien concerned (e•B., Federal Civil Defense Administration) would be a necessity. In investigating significant cases (such as the Tremonton, Utah, sighting), controlled experiments might be required. An example •SE Securey IntoriXion

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CRET nformation would be the photographing of "pillou balloons" at different distances under similar weather conditions at the site. The help of one or two paychologists and vriters and a subcontractes to produce training films would be necessary in addition, The Panel considered that ATIC's offosta, temporarily expanded as necessary, could be most useful in implementing any action taken as a result of Ita recommendations. Experience and records in ATIC would be of value In both the public educational and service training program envisaged. Dr. Robertson at least was of the opinion that after public gullibility lessened and the service organizations, such as ADC, had been trained to aift out the nore readily explained spurious sightings, there would still be a role for a very nodest-sized ATIC section to cope uith the residuum of itens of possible scientifie intelligence value. Thia section should concentrate on energetically following up (perhaps on the advice of qualified Air Force Selentific Advisory Boerd membera) those cases which seemed to indicate the evidence of unconventional oneny artifacts. Reporta of such artifacta would be expeeted to arise minly from Western outposta in fer closer proximity to the Iron Curtain than Iubbock, Texas! UNOFEICIAL, INVESTTGATING GROUPS The Panel took cognizence of the existence of such groups as the "Civilian Flying Saucer Investigatorg" (Los Angeles) and the "Aeria) Phenomena Research Organization (Wisconsin). It was believed that such organizations should be watched because of their potentially SE Securtty Information

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S EX BET Sacurity mation great influence on mass thinking if widespread sightings should oeur. The upparent Irresponsibility and the possible uns of such groups for subversive purposes should be kept in mind. INCREASE, IN NUBER OF SIGHINGS The consensus of the Panel waB, based upon the history of the subject, that the mmber of sightings could be reasonably expestod to increase agoin this summer. F. G. DURANT III

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ACCESS RESTRICTED DOCUMENT NO. 400/65 DATED 16 FEB 53 DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL NOTICE HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN FROM THIS FILE AND IS LOCATED IN: CIA JOB NO. 84T 00286R BOX NO. 4 FOLDER NO. HS/HC 475 6 pp - - Mono (10) THIS ITEM HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN BECAUSE IT CONTAINS SECURITY CLASSIFIED INFORMATION OR OTHERWISE RESTRICTED INFORMATION. NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947 CIA ACT OF 1949 AS AMENDED AUTHORITY FORM 4409 8-90

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ESTABLISH Ясле RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD WASHINGTON 25, D. C. SEGURINA ENTOCITATIONI eit 68-3. 3971 Flying lanced Dear Nr. Becker: Confirning our brief conversation in the hall the other day, I enclose a memorandum from General Maxwell on the subject. We will advise you when we receive the report referred to in this memo. Sincerely, S/Walter G. Whitman WALTER G. WHITMAN Chairman Enclosure (1) Mr. Loftus E. Becker Deputy Director for Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency 2430 E Street, N.W. Washington 25, D. C. (This document may be declassified upon removal of Confidential Attachment.) SHE C.I.A. HAS NO OBJECTION TO THE DECLASSIFICATION OF THIS DOCUMENT. AUTHORITY: HR 70-2 REVIEWER 0233768041 7 JUN 9/ SECURMY LNFORMATION 400166 XI C

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IMEN DEFEN 0 F SECURITY INFORMATI RESEARCH AN OTON SINE BOARD WASHINGTON 25, D. C. ER - 3 - 3931 4 November 1952 MEMORANDUM FOR CHATRIAN, RDB Radar Phantons 1. At our conference here the other day with lir. Becker, Nr.Clark and General Sanford, it was agreed that we would evaluate the radar phantons fron the vierpoint of the seriousness of the problen to the Air Defense Command. Inquiries made to the appropriate sections of the Air Staff did not disclose ary undue concern over the phantons. I believe that this is because in war and in peace the problem of identifying the vast number of aircraft tracks seen by the Air Defense radars is a confusing factor of much greater magnitude. However, to male sure that we are not over looking any important considerations, the fir Force has asked the Air Defense Command to study this problem and male recommendations. 3. This, then, is an interin report to you, beeause it may be several weeks before the answer arrives from the Air Defense Command. Naturally there 1s genera concern about the radar phantons and the larger problem of the flying saucers because we are unable bo explain a sizeable percentage of the reports. However, the concensus seems to be that a great deal of activity and study is going on in this field which will do much to clarity the situation. The subject of anomalous radar propagation has been under study for sone time and will. contime with appropriate emphasis. The Air Technical. Intelligence Center, which analyzes "saucer" reports, will emphasize the radar con- fusion aspect. It is also ny feeling that, whereas formerly this was a subject which scientific men did not wish to besone involved in, it is now beconing "respectable" to study the subject and to discuss it publicly. Il this trend contimes and our astronomers and other scientists do turn their talents to the problem, I an sure that the answers will be expedited. O DYI HOR 850 ALFRED R. MAXWELL. Brig: General, USAP Air Force Secretary SECURITY INFERMATION

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SECRET ormationi 13 October 1952 MIMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director (Intelligence) SUBJECT: Flying Saucers Flying unidentified objects (Flying Saucers) have been the subject of Air Force observation and analysis because of the possibility that such objects might conceivably be an attack on the U.S. If they are not, it is conceivable that the enemy might take advantage of the confusion created by the by the Flying Saucers to use at his convenience some air wespon against the United States. 2. Thus far Defense Depertment conducted research in this area has been confined to the effort by A-2 through APIC with the result that an explanation has been provided on all but 20 per cent of the total 1500 reported sightings of Flying Saucers. 3. " Determination of the scientific capabilitles of the USSR to create and control Plying Saucers as a weapon against the United States is a primary concern of the CIA/OSI. Its review of existing information does not lead to the conclusion that the saucers are USSR created or controlled. It is the view of OSI that collection of intelligence information on the capabilities of the USSR to produce, launch, and control Flying Saucers and the analysis of such data as might be collected cannot be very effective until there is adequate fundamental seimatific research launched to clarify the nature and causes of Flying Saucers and to devise means whereby they might be instantly identified. 4. The major scientific intelligence problems in respect to Saucers are: 8. What is the present level of Soviet knowledge regarding these phenomena?=as b. What are possible Soviet capabilities to utilize these phenomena to the detriment of US security interests? What effect do flying saucers have on our warning system. This document has been approved for relense through the HISTORSCAZ , RENDER PROC the Cesteel agoney Data 7 JUN 91 89-2 DECLASSIFIED Authority NND. 4/7075 Byl Frede NARA Date 1/31/41 SE Secu malles 400167

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KET mation 5. Conclusions: The instigation of fundamental seientific research is the primary responsibility of the Defense Department. ater / AC The DCI/should dispatch to Secretary Lovett along the lines of the attached. The cover sheet explaining to the IAC why the proposed letter dy the pro chis lot o the a with 4-2 also attached. C we should before I AC) It is far too early in view of the present state of knowledge regarding Flying Saucers for psychological warfare planners to start planning how the United States might use U.S. Flying Saucers against the enemy• d. When intelligence has submitted the National Estimate on Flying Saucers there will be the time and basis for a public policy to reduce or restrain mass hysteria. JAMES Q. REBER Assistant Director Intelligence Coordination FCR DECLASSIFIED Authority NND917075 By FreeVARA Date 131197 mation

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DRAPE COVER JINEMETGENCE ADVISORY CONNTITISE Flying Unidentified Objects. (Flying Saucers) Fattematively: the nee 3+ Attached 1a a proposed letter to Secretary Lovetty from the DCI recomending the initiation of fundamental seientifle research with respect to the nature and, causes of unidentified flying objects (Flying Saucers) • 2. While it is recognized that the implications of Flying Saucers aze of primary concern to the Defense Departent in carying out its responsibility to defend the United States, it is also belleved that intelligence must request of appropriate authority such assistance as it needs to carry out its responsibility. It is belleved that the scientifie research required and the intelligence research contingent thereon can be most fruitful if they go hand in hand. 3. Recommendations: a. That the IAC concur in the proposed letter to the Secretary of Defense. b, That the IAC request the Watch Committee to give close attention to indications which may reflect Russion actions are boing talen with respect to or on the baste of cognizance of Flying Saucers or with respect to the state of United States pubile opinion in respect of Flying Saucers. This decument has been approved for release through the HISTORICAS REVIDA PROGRAM OF the Contaal Intelligence Agency. Dace 7 JUN 21 HRP 89-2 Se RET ormation 400168

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SEC DRAFT INTER Sec BORANDU FOR Secretary of Desense [alternatively: The N5 C] SUBJE Unidentified Flying Objects (Flying Saucers) 1. The IAC has reviewed the current situation concering unidentified flying objects which have caused extensive speculation in the press and have been the subject of concern to Goverment organizations. The Air Force, within the Linitations of nanpower which could be devoted to the subject, has thus far carried the full responsibility for investigating and analyzing individual reports of sightings. Since 1947, approximately 1500 official reports of sightinge have been received and, of these, about 20% are as yet unexplatned, 2. It is ny view and that of the IAC that this situation has possible implications for our national security with respect to the vulnerability of the U.S. to air attack. Intelligence, however, cannot discharge its responsibilities with regard to estirating the capabilities of an enemy to create and use such phenonens against the U.S, unless ve first deternine through scientific research whether or not such phenomena can in fact be generated and controlled by humas. 3. It is therefore recomended, that the Department of Defense (be directed to) undertake an expanded selentifle research program to reveal the nature of the various phenonena which are causing these sightip and means by which these phenonens nay be identified immediately. It › recommended that in such a project there be close cooperation betwer conducting the research and scientific and technical intelligenc The IAC agencies are prepared to do their part in such a proy Sec tion

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ACCESS RESTRICTED DOCUMENT NO. 400/69 DATED 17 JAN 53 DOCUMENT WITHDRAWAL NOTICE HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN FROM THIS FILE AND IS LOCATED IN: CIA JOB NO. 84T00286 R BOX NO. . 4 FOLDER NO. #S/HC 475 25 pp - - Report & attacked merse (10) THIS ITEM HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN BECAUSE IT CONTAINS SECURITY CLASSIFIED INFORMATION OR OTHERWISE RESTRICTED INFORMATION. NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947 CIA ACT OF 1949 AS AMENDED AUTHORITY FORM 8-90 4409